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FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF

NATURAL HISTORY

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PROCEEDINGS

ROYAL SOCIETY

CQ) UW EEN SAND

VOT. x wo.

ISSUED JANUARY 20TH, 1920.

Edited by
H. A. LONGMAN, F.L.S.

The Authors of Papers are alone responsible for the statements made an
the opinions expressed therein.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
BY
H. POLE & CO., PRINTERS, ELIZABETH STREET, BRISBANE.

1920.

Price: Ten Shillings.

Koval Society of Queensland.

Patron :
HIS EXCELLENCY SIR HAMILTON GOOLD-ADAMS,
G.C.M.G., C.B., Erc.

4a- 227 6- Hudy td,

OFFICERS, (2a

President :
H. A. LONGMAN, F.L.S.

Vice- Presidents :
A. B. WALKOM, D.Sc. (ex officio).
F. SMITH, B:Sc., F-1-C.

Hon. Treasurer : Hon. Secretary :
JOHN SHIRLEY, D.Sc. C. D. GILLIES, M.Sc.
Hon. Librarian: Hon. Editor :
S. B. WATKINS, M.Sc. H. A. LONGMAN, F.L.S.

Members of Council:

EF. BUTLER-WOOD, D.D.S. Proressor T. H. JOHNSTON,
E. H. GURNEY M.A., DSc
Proressor H. C. RICHARDS, D.Sc. C. T. WHITE, F.L.S.

Trustees:
R. H. ROB, M.A. Hon. W. F. TAYLOR, M.1L.C.
Hon. A. J. THYNNE, M.L.C.

Hon. Auditor :
Proressor H. J. PRIESTLEY, M.A.

No.

CONTENTS.

VOLUME XXxXI.

. QUEENSLAND Fosstz Fioras, by A. OB.

Walkom, D.Sc. Issued March 31st, 1919

. A PRELIMINARY List OF PLANTS OF THE
NATIONAL ParK, MACPHERSON RANGE, by

John Shirley, D.Sc. Issued March 3lst,
1919

Notes ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA, by
Professor T. Harvey Johnston, M.A., D.Sc.,
and B. Buckland Taylor. Vssued April 30th,
1919

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORTIVE STYLES IN
BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA, F.v.M., by C. D.
Gillies, M.Sc., and C. T. White. Jssued
June 26th, 1919

. ALTERATION OF GENERIC Names, by J. Douglas

Ogilby. Issued 4th August, 1919

. Tor LINGULIDAE OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST,

by Professor T. Harvey Johnston and Otto
S. Hirschfeld. Issued August 8th, 1919
Marine MOLLusca, COMMON TO AUSTRALIA
AND SoutH ArFrica, by John Shirley, D.Sc.,
F.M.S. Issued August 8th, 1919
ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENSLAND
Coast, by Heber A. Longman, F.L.S.
Issued August 8th, 1919

. THE Strut PrRosuem, by Rk. W. H. Hawken,

BAS UME ON Sydney oti sinshwe Com:
Issued October 8th, 1919

i)
CO

iv.

No.

CONTENTS.

by <A. Jefferis Turner, MOD FE.
Issued December 30th, 1919

No. 11. Tick RESISTANCE IN CATTLE: A REPLY TO

Criticism, by Prof. T. Harvey Johnston,
M.A., DSc.,, and, M. J., Bagero ese
Issued December 30th, 1919

No. 12. Tue Lire Histories or Musca AUSTRALIS

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

List OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Maca., and M. vVETUSTISSIMA WALKER, by
Prof. T. Harvey Johnston, M. A., D.Sc., and
M. J. Bancroft, B.Sc. Issued January 10th,
1920

List of MEMBERS

INDEX TO VOL. XXXT.

10. THe AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE (LEPIDOPTERA),

108

18f
-
XVli
XxX

Xxlil

(PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS).

QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS.

By A. B. Watkom, D.Sc.
(Delivered before the Royal Society of Queensland, 24th
March, 1919).

The past year has been one of great activity amongst
the members of the Society engaged in research work, as
evidenced by the fact that Volume XXX. of the Proceedings
contains no fewer than seventeen papers. That we have
been able to publish a volume somewhat larger than usual
is due to the financial assistance rendered by the University
of Queensland and the Walter and Eliza Hall Fellowship
Fund towards the publication of certain papers, and also
to the continuance of the Government grant. We have
to express our gratitude for this assistance, and especially
to the Queensland Government, which, in a time of rigorous
financial economy, has seen its way to recognise in a prac-
tical manner the value of the publication of the results of
original scientific research work.

The membership of the Society remains about the
same, and now that conditions may be expected to return
gradually to normal, it is hoped that the number of
members will show a steady increase. The attendance of
members at the ordinary meetings of the Society has been
far from satisfactory. As a result, a scheme has been
brought before the Council whereby at certain meetings
during the year lectures on popular subjects will supplement
the papers, which are usually on more specialised branches
of science. The object of this scheme is to make the
meetings of more general interest. The Council has
expressed its approval, and it is hoped to bring the scheme
into operation during the coming ‘year.

We are fortunate in being able to report that, as far
as we know, those members of the Society who have been
‘on active service during the past year are all safe, one of

2D, QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

them, W. H. Bryan, M.Se., having gained the Military
Cross. We extend our hearty congratulations to him on
this award.

Death has passed the Society by very lightly during
the past year, and we have to record the loss of only one
member, Percy Leonard Weston, by whose death in
August, 1918, at the age of 38 years, a brilliant career was
cut short. Mr. Weston obtained the degrees of B.Sc.
and B.E. of the Svdney University in 1901 and 1904
respectively, gaining first-class honours with each degree,
and in 1905 he was awarded the P.N. Russell gold medal
for post-graduate engineering research, his thesis being
‘The mechanical production of ruled surfaces.” Coming
to Queensland in 1906, he entered into a consulting practice
in partnership with Mr. A. C. F. Webb, in Brisbane, and
during the succeeding eight years he designed and super-
vised the installation of numerous electric light and power
plants in Southern Queensland. In 1914, he was appointed
Lecturer in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering in the
University of Queensland, which position he held at the
time of his death. In 1917, he invented a steel belt drive
on a magnetic pulley, and this invention has already been
favourably commented on in Britain. He was closely
associated for a number of years both with this Society
and with the Queensland Institute of Engineers. He was
a member of the Council of the former from 1910 to 1914,
being Vice-President in 1911, and President in 1912, and
has also occupied the position of President of the Queensland
Institute of Engineers. His only contribution to our
Proceedings was his presidential address, entitled ‘* The
internal combustion engine as a factor in national progress.”
Those of us who were privileged to know him well mourn
the loss of a sincere friend, whose innate cheerfulness and
readiness to help made him so many friends.

QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS.

For the scientific portion of my address I propose to
give a short account of the fossil floras found in the stra-
tified rocks in Queensland, with the object of making a
contribution to the study of the distribution of floras
during past geological periods.

BY A. B. WALKOM 3

This particular study—the geographical distribution
of the floras of the past—is one of the most interesting
aspects of the subject of paleobotany, and a treatment
of even the Queensland fossil floras from this point of
view could only be very inadequately carried out within
the limits of such an address as this. My main object is,
therefore, to indicate as concisely as possible, the extent
to which our fossil floras aré known. With regard to
Queensland the time is opportune for the preparation of
such a summary. Within the past few years a systematic
examination of the Mesozoic floras has been carried out,
revealing their variety and enabling them to be correlated,
with some degree of certainty, with floras in other parts
of the world. Earlier examinations had, in some cases,
proved inconclusive and in others, largely as a result of
paucity of material, erroneous correlations were made.
Some of the latter have become so firmly established that
it is a matter of some difficulty to eliminate them.
The most notable example is with regard to the age of
the Burrum Series which was formerly believed to be
older than the Ipswich Series, mainly on account of the
plants which were available at the time. It has been
known definitely since 1912, and has repeatedly appeared
in print, that the Burrum Series is much younger than the
Ipswich Series, yet as late as 1917 such a_ well-known
geologist as Professor Gregory still retained the old
classification. *

The following account is intended to indicate the
most recent opinions regarding the fossil-plant contents
and the correlation of the strata, and to assist in clearing
away any confusion which may still exist regarding the
ages of the strata in Queensland.

Before proceeding to the details regarding the various
floras I may be permitted to offer a few general remarks
on the subject of Paleobotany and the difficulties with
which the student has to contend. It must not be for-
gotten that fossil plants may be regarded from two distinct

*Report on Nomenclature of the Carboniferous, Permo-Carboniferous,
and Permian rocks of the Southern Hemisphere. Brit. Ass. Ady. Sc.,
1917 (p. 14 of report).

4 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

points of view, viz.: that of the botanist and that of the
geologist.

From the purely botanical point of view only those
remains in which structure is preserved are of value, and
these are decidedly in the minority. Where conditions
have been favourable, however, the preservation of
structure is often very perfect, and the material exhibits
detail of cell structure comparable with that of present-day
plants. To illustrate this, it is sufficient to mention the
completeness of our knowledge of the organisation of
numerous extinct genera such as Calamites, Lepidodendron
and Lyginopteris amongst Paleozoic forms and_ the
Bennettitee from Mesozoic strata. The degree of
preservation is often truly remarkable, amongst the most
striking examples being (a) the flowers of the Mesozoic
genus Cycadcoidea ; (b) leaves of Alethopteris and Neuropteris
from the Carboniferous, in which the cell contents after
treatment have taken up certain stains differentially ;
and (c) the recognition of the embryo in numerous Paleozoic
and Mesozoic seeds.

These extinct forms throw considerable light on the
problem of the evolution of the flora of to-day, and without
a knowledge of them a satisfactory solution of this problem
could hardly be expected.

Geologically, plants are important for stratigraphical
purposes, and it is very often useful to have distinctive
names for plant remains which are of little value from a
purely botanical point of view. Many botanists are apt
to forget the value of fossil plant fragments in this
connection, but provided the fragments represent a distinctive.
and recognisable type, there is no doubt of their value to
the geologist, whether they show detailed structure or not.

Formerly, fossil plants were not relied on to any great
extent in fixing stratigraphical horizons, and, as a result,
there has been a tendency to regard them as being much
inferior to fossil invertebrates for this purpose. The
amount of paleobotanical work that has been carried out
within the past two or three decades, however, has shown
that plants are of very considerable value in fixing the age
of beds in which they occur.

BY A. B. WALKOM 5

That the study of fossil plants may have a definite
economic value has been shown by the late Dr. Arber,
whose application of paleobotany to the geology of coal
resulted in an extensive consulting practice in that
- connection.

The greatest difficulty in dealing. with fossil plants
lies in the fact that usually the material is fragmentary,
and, therefore, in the great majority of cases, it is not
possible to obtain an accuracy comparable with that
obtainable in the examination of recent plants. Never-
theless, even from the fragmentary material available,
useful and reliable results may be obtained by careful
observation and deduction. Unfortunately for the subject
of Paleobotany, care has not always been exercised either
in the choice of name or in the selection of specimens for
naming. As Professor Seward has said :—** Worthless
fossils are frequently designated by a generic and specific
title ; an author lightly selects a new name for a miserable
fragment of a fossil fern-frond without pausing to consider
whether his record is worthy of acceptance at the hands
of the botanical paleographer.”’ Sir Joseph Hooker's
remark in his Introductory Essay to the Flora of New
Zealand, that “the naturalist has to seek truth amid
errors of observation and judgment and the resulting chaos
of synonymy which has been accumulated by thoughtless
aspirants to the questionable honour of being the first to
name a species,’’ may be applied equally well to fossil floras.
More recently, and nearer home, Mr. J. H. Maiden, speaking
of the Australian Cainozoic flora, says :— ‘In the opinion
of the most experienced botanists in Australia the botanical
determinations and deductions built by some paleobotanists
upon mere leaf impressions are to be regretted.”

In the earlier stages of paleeobotany there was undoubt-
edly a tendency to propose new names with too little reason,
but it must be borne in mind that research work to-day
is carried out under conditions which lend themselves far
better to the production of accurate results than thirty
years ago. And though such criticism as that by Mr.
Maiden may be warranted in some few cases, I am pleased
to be able to say that during some years of close study of
Australian fossil floras, I have found that cases to which

6 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

such criticism might be applied are the exception rather
than the rule. The careful and detailed work of a large
and increasing number of paleobotanists in the present
century raises the hope that we have seen the last of even
such exceptions, for there is no longer any excuse for.
inaccurate work.

In Queensland fossil plants occur in greater or less
abundance on a number of horizons, and, in general, the
assemblage of forms in each Series is sufficiently character-
istic to enable it to be distinguished as belonging to that
Series.

There are representatives of two floras of Paleozoic
age, five of Mesozoic age, and possibly a number of Cainozoic,
but we are unable, at present, to separate the Cainozoic
flora into groups representing different horizons. The
following table, representing portion of the Geological
Reeord for Queensland, will serve to indicate the horizons
on which fossil floras occur :-—

SERIES.

Cainozoic.

Burrum Series (freshwater)
= Winton Series (freshwater)

Styx Series (freshwater)
Lower Cretaceous

oLantearGratacaers qin eee Series (marine)

=Rolling Downs Series (marine)

Mesozoic.

Jurassic se a Walloon Series (freshwater)

Triassic ws ae ?Bundamba Series (freshwater)
Ipswich Series (freshwater)
e

Upper Coal Measures
ite : ee
she tema pnp: NES Beles
Lower Coal Measures
| Lower Marine Series
Star Series (marine)

f = Drummond Series
= Rockhampton Series
=? Herberton Series
= ?Lawnhill Series
= ?Lower Gympie Series

Carboniferous. .

Upper Palaeozoic.

Series in italics in the above table are those from which
fossil plants have been obtained.

BY A. B. WALKOM 7

QUEENSLAND PaL2zozoIc FLorRas.

The Paleozoic floras in Queensland fall into two distinct
groups representing the widely-distributed Carboniferous
flora with Lepidodendron and the Permo-Carboniferous
(or perhaps Permian) flora characterised by the abundance
of Glossopteris.

(a) The Carboniferous flora. The oldest fossil flora
yet described from Queensland is of Carboniferous age,
occurring in the Star Series and its probable equivalents,
the Drummond, Rockhampton and Herberton Series,
respectively. The Star Series, from which members of
this flora were originally described, was at the time believed
to belong to the so-called Permo-Carboniferous System,
and so, in the older descriptions, we find the flora of the
Star Series described along with members of the typical
Glossopteris flora. No work has been done on this flora
for many years, and no attempt has yet been made to revise
the older determinations and bring them into line with
modern paleobotanical work.

The species which have been described or recorded
from Carboniferous strata in Queensland are :—

| |
| Star | Drum- | Rock- | Her-
|| Series. | mond jhampton| berton
Series. | Series. “Series, | Series. Series.
Archeocalamites scrobiculatus x
Calamites varians ie x
Calamites sp. ; 44 ays Sn
Lepidodendron australe = Ae Se x > ||
Fe veltheimianum .. x x |
on sp. x x
Stigmaria 3
Cyclostigma australe ap 3
“Cyclostigma sp... ot a x x
Aneimites austrina Me x
Rhacopteris sp... a: Efe | x

? Cordaites australis oe He | x

Of the species in this list there is a good deal of doubt
with respect to the determination of the specimens referred
to Cyclostigma and Cordaites. Apart from these, the
general aspect of the flora is distinctly Carboniferous and
the presence of a species of Aneimites in the Drummond
Series and of Rhacopteris in the Herberton Series suggests

8 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

the possibility of a correlation with the beds in New
South Wales in which Rhacopteris is very abundant, and
which are usually classed as Upper Carboniferous.

The number of definitely-determined species is very
small and the preservation is, in general, so poor that
we know very little of the structure of the Queensland
specimens; it is, therefore, not possible in the present
state of our knowledge, to make any detailed comparison
with Carboniferous floras outside Australia. It is not even
possible to make reasonable comparisons between the
different Series in Queensland in which these plants are
present. They may all represent approximately the one
horizon within the Carboniferous, but it must be borne in
mind that they may represent distinct horizons, and there
is the possibility that one or more of the Series mentioned
may be older than Carboniferous.

As matters stand at present we have to'rely. on the
general Carboniferous facies of the flora and the fact that
in some cases the plants are associated with marine fossils
which also indicate a Carboniferous age.

aX . —* Sa ine

Fic. 1—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Upper
Carboniferous Age. (Mainly after David White).

BY A. B. WALKOM 9

That better-preserved material does exist is shown
by the specimens collected by Daintree and presented by
him to the National Museum in Melbourne; these were
described by Mr. F. Chapman in 1904.* Future collecting
may bring to light further well-preserved specimens.

The approximate distribution of floras of similar
general character to this Queensland flora is indicated in
figure 1.

(b) The Permo-Carboniferous flora. In Queensland
there are many localities where typical members of the
Glossopteris flora are found, but, as with the Carboniferous
flora, little work has been carried out for many years
past, and it is probable that a revision of the accumulated
material would result in numerous alterations and
additions. The widespread genus Glossopteris is typical
of these occurrences, and there is at present no evidence
of this genus transgressing the limits of the so-called
Permo-Carboniferous System in Queensland, though it
has been found in Triassic rocks in South Africa and Tonkin.
Gangamopteris, which is usually associated with Glossopteris
in this flora, has not yet been recorded in Queensland, but
I have had the privilege of examining specimens of this
genus obtained from near Warwick by Mr. J. Harward.

The following is a list of the species known in this
flora in Queensland :—

Phyllotheca dustralis Glossopteris communis
Archeocalamites scrobiculatus * elegans
Sphenophyllum speciosum of indica
Sphenopteris alata es linearis

5p crebra 5. parallela

ae flexuosa As Wilkinsona

» sp. Vertebraria sp.

oe (Mertensia) lobifolia Cycadospermum Dawsoni
Gangamopteris sp. Cordaites australis
Glossopteris ampla Noeggerathiopsis sp.

‘ Browniana Araucarioxylon Daintreei

An indeterminable fragment recorded from Bett’s Creek
as ¢ Alethopteris is not included in the above list.

In the Permo-Carboniferous System there are two
series in which this flora is present, viz. :—The Lower

*Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic., xvi (ii), 1904, p. 306.

10 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

Coal Measures and the Upper Coal Measures, the two being
separated by a series of marine deposits. It does not seem
possible at present to separate the two series of Coal
Measures by their floras, nor can we say just which forms
occur in each Series, but there is no doubt of the presence
of the typical Glossopteris Flora in each.

®
Fic, 2—Map showing approximately the distribution of the Glossopteris
flora. (Mainly after David White).

The name Permo-Carboniferous in Australia arose
under a misapprehension, and there has been considerable
discussion during the past few years as to the advisability
of discarding it. There is a more or less general agreement
that the term is not a good one, but the difficulty lies in
fixing the dividing line between Carboniferous and Permian.
It is possible that the lower portion of the so-called Permo-
Carboniferous System may be Carboniferous, but the faunas
of the Lower and Upper Marine Series are very similar to
one another, and both are very different from the
Carboniferous fauna in Eastern Australia; in addition,
the floras of the Lower and Upper Coal Measures can

BY A. B. WALKOM ll

hardly be separated from one another, and there is reason
to regard the Upper Coal Measures as Permian in age. To
abandon the term ,Permo-Carboniferous before a satis-
factory solution is obtained would probably cause much
confusion, and in a recent paper I have followed the method
of writing the name Permian (Permo-Carboniferous).

The distribution of the typical Glossopteris flora is
indicated approximately in figure 2.

QUEENSLAND Mesozoic FLORAS.

When we pass on to rocks of Mesozoic age there is
very abundant evidence of the plant life of the time in the
presence of five distinct floras. The earliest of these is
quite distinct from the Upper Paleozoic floras, and is
indeed separated from the latest Paleozoic flora in
Queensland by a considerable time interval. In New South
Wales, there is an apparently conformable passage in places
from the Upper Coal Measures to the Narrabeen Series
and in places there is a slight mingling of the two floras.
But in Queensland there are no Lower Triassic sediments,
and consequently there is a distinct break between the
floras of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. Between the
various Mesozoic floras, however, there is no such distinct
break, but the floras themselves are distinct from one
another. There are certain species which are present in
more than one of the floras, but there are quite sufficient
forms characteristic of each one to make them distinct.
In addition, we can also take into account the general aspect
of the flora and the proportions of the larger plant groups
present.

These Queensland Mesozoic floras constitute a very
good example of the value of a careful examination of fossil
plants in stratigraphical geology. The whole of the
Mesozoic Strata, from the Ipswich Series below to the Burrum
Series above, appear to be quite conformable, but the floras
of the different Series are distinct, and sufficiently so to
enable their positions in the Geological Record to be fixed
with a fair degree of certainty. They show the Ipswich
Series to be Upper Triassic in age, the Walloon Series
Lower Jurassic, and the Burrum Series Lower Cretaceous.

1494 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

(c) The Triassic flora. The only series definitely Triassic
in age in Queensland is the Ipswich Series, whose flora, as at
present known, comprises some thirty-six species, as
follows :—

Equisetites rotiferum Stenopteris elongata
Equisetites sp. Bennettites (Williamsonia) sp.
Phyllotheca australis Pterophyllum multilineatum
Neocalamites hoerensis Tenopteris Tenison-Woodsi
Neocalamites cf. Carrerei Teniopteris Carruthersi
Schizoneura ct. africana Teniopteris Dunstani
Cladophlebis australis Teniopteris lentriculiforme
Cladophlebis Roylei Teniopteris wianamattee
Coniopteris delicatula Teniopteris crassinervis
Dictyophyllum rugosum Ginkgo antarctica
Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli Ginkgo digitata

Thinnfeldia lancifolia Ginkgo cf. magnifolia
Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Baiera Simmondsi
Thinnfeldia acuta Baiera bidens

Daneopsis Hughesi Baiera ipsviciensis
Sagenopteris rhoifolia Baiera ginkgoides
Sphenopteris lacunosa Stachyopitys annularioides
Sphenopteris swperba Stachyopitys Simmondsi

In addition, gymnospermous seeds and coniferous
woods are abundant.

The presence of a number of species whose systematic
position is uncertain makes it inadvisable to state here the
proportions of the larger plant groups. There may be
noted, however, a relative abundance of ferns, cycads and
ginkgos. A remarkable feature is the apparent absence
of coniferous remains, with the exception of large silicified
trunks which are probably coniferous, and are of rather
common occurrence. Forerunners of Mesozoic conifers
have been found in the Upper Paleozoic rocks in New
South Wales, but have not yet been found in Queensland.

The flora of the Ipswich Series shows in general a
resemblance to floras in various parts of the world, which
have been regarded as of Rhetic age, and there seems little
‘doubt that the position of the Ipswich Series in the
Geological Record may be fixed as Upper Triassic. |

‘The flora which shows the closest resemblance to the
Ipswich flora is that of the Stormberg beds in South Africa,
there being at least nine species which are identical or

BY A. B. WALKOM 13

very closely allied in these two Series. In- the Rhaetic
strata of Sweden, Tonkin and North America there are
also certain species which are identical with or very closely
allied to species in the Ipswich Series.

The approximate distribution of Upper Triassic and
Rhetic floras is shown in figure 3.

(d) The Jurassic floras. Floras of Lower Jurassic age
are of widespread occurrence in the Walloon Series and

Fie, 3—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Upper
Triassic (including Rhetic) Age.

its equivalents. The typical Walloon Series occurs in
south-eastern Queensland; on the west of the main
divide the series of sandstones, etc. extending from Cape
York to the New South Wales border often referred to as
the Artesian Series is the equivalent of the Walloon Series,
as also is the Tiaro Series occurring to the west and south-
west of Maryborough.

The plants known from these Series include some
thirty-seven species, as follows :—

14 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

Equisetites roliferum Ptilophyllum (Williamsonia) pecten
Equisetites cf. rajmahalensis Pterophyllum abnorme
Schizoneura sp. a Pterophyllum contiguum
Schizoneura sp. Pterophyllum Nathorsti
Cladophlebis australis Pseudoctenis eathiensis
Cladophlebis Roylei Otozamites queenslandi
Phlebopteris alethopteroides Otozamites obtusus

Dictyophyllum rugosum Otozamites Feistmanteli
Dictyophyllum Daridi » Otozamites Mandelslohi
Hausmannia (?) Buchir Teniopteris spatulata

Thinnfeldia Feistmanteli Teniopteris spatulata var. major
Thinnfeldia odontopteroides Teniopteris Tenison-Woodsi
Thinnfeldia lancifolia Teniopteris Carruthersi
Sagenopteris rhoifolia Ten iopteris lentriculi forme
Sphenopteris superba Teniopteris crassinervis
Stenopteris elongata Araucarites polycarpa

Ginkgo magnifolia Brachyphyllum crassum

Baiera Simmondsi Elatocladus planus

Phenicopsis elongatus

é ®
oe.
|

Fic. 4—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Jurassic
Age. (Mainly from the works of A. C. Seward).

This flora is distinct in a number of features from the
earlier Ipswich flora. The more outstanding distinctions
are the great increase in variety of the Cycads and the

BY A. B. WALKOM 15

presence of coniferous remains other than silicified wood,
in the form of vegetative shoots and portions of cones.

There is no doubt that the age of this flora is Lower
Jurassic ; it shows a general agreement with typical floras
of that age in various parts of the world, particularly as
regards the type of plant present and also in the percentage
representation of the various plant groups.

Floras of Lower and Middle Jurassic age are of world-
wide distribution and they form the subject of a voluminous
literature. A prominent feature is the very widespread
occurrence of certain specific types and a general uniformity
in the characters of these floras in regions which are subject
to very different climatic conditions to-day. The
approximate distribution of Jurassic floras is shown in
figure 4.

(e) The Cretaceous floras. These are represented by
plants from three Series of different ages, viz. :—the
Maryborough Series, the Burrum Series and the Styx Series.
The two latter are in all probability both of Lower
Cretaceous age, but there is a distinct possibility that the
Maryborough Series may be of Upper Jurassic age since the
Burrum flora undoubtedly belongs to the lowest portion
of the Cretaceous. This point is further discussed with
the Burrum flora (see below, p. 17).

(i) The flora of the Maryborough Series. This series
is of marine origin, and contains abundant marine fossils.
Associated with these, however, a number of plant remains
have been found. Although the number of actual speci-
mens of the plants is small, we are particularly fortunate
in that they show a considerable range of forms, the thirty-
four specimens in the collection representing the following
fourteen species :—

Equisetites cf. rajymahalensis Ptilophylium (Williamsoniay pecten
Sphenopteris sp. Pterophyllum sp.

Teniopteris elongata Araucarites polycarpa

Temopteris Tenison-Woodsi Araucarites mesozoica

Teniopteris sp. Araucarites sp.

Ginkgo digitata Pagiophyllum Jemmetti

Ginkgo sp. ? Elatocladus. sp.

16 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS “

These plant remains have been carried down to the
sea probably by river action and deposited along the
shallow-water coastal belt; plants and marine shells
(Nucula, etc.) have been found on the one specimen.

There is to be noted in this small collection a very
decided increase in the proportion of Gymnosperms, and
there is no doubt that the flora is distinctly newer than
that of the Walloon Series.

The Maryborough Series is regarded as the equivalent
of the Rolling Downs Series of Western Queensland, but
so far no plant remains have been obtained from the latter.
The Rolling Downs Series has generally been considered
as of Lower Cretaceous age, but the determination of the
age of the Burrum Series from its contained fossil plants
throws some doubt on this (see below, p. 17).

(it) The flora of the Burrum Series. An examination
of the plant material from the Burrum Series has been
completed, and the descriptions are now being published

by the Queensland Geological ‘Survey as Publication
No. 263. This flora includes now thirty-five species, as
follows :—

? Neocalamites sp.
Cladophlebis australis
?Thinnfeldia lancifolia
7 Dictyophyllum sp.
Sphenopteris flabellifolia
Sphenopteris erecta

Sphenopteris burrumensis, sp. nov.

?Chiropteris sp.

Phyllopteris lanceolata, sp. nov.
Phyllopteris expansa, sp. nov.
Microphyllopteris gleichenioides
Microphyllopteris acula sp. nov.,
Baiera bidens

Araucariles polycarpa
Araucarites Arberi, sp. nov.
Brachyphyllum crassum
Hlatocladus planus

? Elatoclddus sp.

Stenopteris elongata
Stenopteris laxum
Ptilophyllum (Williamsonia) pecten
Zamites takuraensis, sp. nov.
Nilssonia schaumburgensis
Otozamites sp.
Tamopteris spatulata
Teniopteris howardensis,

sp. mov.
Teniopteris sp.
Ginkgo digitata
Nageiopsis zamioides (2)
Pagiophyllum Jemmetti
Pagiophyllum peregrinum (?)
?Sphenolepidium sp.
Podozamites Kidstoni
Podozamites lanceolatus
Podozamites sp.

Nilssonia mucronatum occurs in Western Queensland

in the Winton Series which is regarded as the equivalent
of the Burrum Series, so it should perhaps be included in
the above list.

BY A. B. WALKOM 17

The general proportions of the various groups and the

affinities of the majority of the species in this flora point
to its being of Lower Cretaceous age. It agrees in greatest
detail in this respect with the American Kootanie and
Patuxent floras and with the German Wealden flora, and
we have little hesitation in pronouncing it a typical Lower
Cretaceous flora equivalent to the Neocomian-Barremian
or Wealden stages.

If the fossil plants can be relied upon in fixing the age
of the Burrum Series—and I believe they can—an
important question is raised concerning the age of the

oe
uN

Fie, 5—Map showing approximately the distribution of floras of Lower
Cretaceous Age. (Mainly after E. W. Berry).

Maryborough and Rolling Downs Series. The Rolling
Downs Series has generally been regarded as Lower
Cretaceous in age, but paleontologists appear to have
been loth to refer it definitely to Upper Jurassic or Lower
Cretaceous in spite of the fact that an extensive invertebrate

fauna had been described. If we are correct in placing
B

18 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

the Burrum Series at the base of the Cretaceous, then the
Rolling Downs Series would be Upper Jurassic. A critical
revision of the fauna of the latter would help in the solution
of this problem.

This affords an excellent example of the advance in
the study of fossil plants during recent years, and shows
that they must now be ranked as of considerable importance
in determining geological horizons.

(iit) The flora of the Styx Series. From the Styx
Series a collection of fossil plants has been obtained by
the Geological Survey, and the results of the examination
of this material are being published with the description
of the Burrum flora. The flora of the Styx Series
comprises, as at present known, fourteen species, as
follows :—

Equisetites sp. Teniopteris howardensis
Cladophlebis australis Araucarites sp.

Nathorstia (?) Willeoxi, sp. nov. 2Sphenolepidium sp.
Phyllopteris lanceolata _ Podozamites sp.
Microphyllopteris gleichenioides ?Celastrophyllum cf. Hunteri
Otozamites cf. queenslandi ?Celastrophyllum sp.
Temniopteris spatulata Phyllites sp.

The combination here of certain species characteristic
of typical Mesozoic floras with a few undoubted Angiosperms
stamps this flora at once as of Cretaceous age. In the field
the Styx Series occupies a small isolated area, and field
evidence gives little indication of its age. The determina-
tion of the contained fossils is, therefore, important in
fixing the age of the Series.

There is a considerable degree of resemblance between
the Styx flora and the Patapsco flora of North America,
which has been referred to the Albian Stage of the
Cretaceous by Professor E. W. Berry. Nearer home,
there is a scanty Cretaceous flora’ occurring at Waikato
Heads in New Zealand which Arber has referred to the
Neocomian Stage on rather meagre evidence. The Styx
flora also shows considerable resemblance to this Waikato
Heads flora.

The predominance of typical Mesozoic (Triassic and
Jurassic) forms in this flora indicates a Lower Cretaceous

BY A. B. WALKOM 19

age, and the presence of a number of dictyledonous remains
is sufficient to indicate that it is newer than the flora of
the Burrum Series.

QUEENSLAND CaINozo1c FLORA.

Remains of plants in rocks of Cainozoic age are not
uncommon in Queensland. They consist mainly of
isolated dicotyledonous leaves, associated with which are
stems and occasionally fern-fragments. As regards our
present method of dealing with these remains they form,
perhaps, the most unsatisfactory part of paleobotany.
It is well known that in recent floras it is impossible to
determine dicotyledons with anything like accuracy by
merely studying isolated leaves, the same type of leaf in
many cases occurring in widely-different familes.

Attempts have been made to compare these Tertiary
leaves with present-day genera, but often the comparisons
have been carried further than was justified, and this
partly accounts for the hostile attitude of some botanists
towards paleobotany.

There is no reason to suppose that these remains would
not prove of some value in separating horizons within the
Cainozoic, but it would seem necessary to adopt some
arbitrary method of naming them. It is suggested that for
purely stratigraphical purposes it might be worth while
devising a conventional scheme for these remains, based on
such characters as the type of venation, general dimensions
of the leaf, nature of the margin, etc. The names used
should not, in general, indicate relation to recent genera,
and it would be clearly understood that such a scheme
would be of no value botanically.

In addition to the plant remains already mentioned,
there are abundant diatoms in the diatomaceous earths
among the Cainozoic strata of Queensland.

From this account it will be seen that there is no lack
of evidence as to the vegetation which has flourished in
this part of the world during different geological periods ;
it will also be observed that we have still much to learn
before our knowledge of these floras is complete. I cannot
conclude this address without expressing my appreciation

20 QUEENSLAND FOSSIL FLORAS

of the efforts which Mr. B. Dunstan is making to clear up
the paleontology of this State, and of my personal indebted-
ness to him in connection with the examination of the fossil
floras. Although not.doing any paleontological work
himself, Mr. Dunstan is doing invaluable service to the
geology of the State in having the various groups of fossils
examined by scientists who are making a special study of

these groups.

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF PLANTS OF THE
NATIONAL PARK, MACPHERSON RANGE.*

By JOHN SHIRLEY, D.Sc.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 24th March,
1919.)

During a holiday of five weeks, spent in the National
Park at heights of 3,000-3,600 feet, the following native
plants were collected. For the determination of a few of
the rarer species, and of two climbing plants not hitherto
found in Queensland, I am indebted to Mr. J. H. Maiden,
F.R.S., Government Botanist of New South Wales. My
companion during this trip was Mr. H. Tryon, Government
Entomologist, who was indefatigable in assisting in plant
collection, and at the same time added largely to the store
of insect specimens in the cabinets of the Department of
Agriculture.

Most of the species indicated were gathered in the dense
scrubs of Roberts Plateau, one of the highest parts of the
Macpherson Range. The collection involved many
difficulties, as the scrub trees are of enormous size. The
flowers of these trees had first to be found with field glasses,
and then by various ingenious means specimens were
secured. The trees supported a wealth of climbing plants,
whose enormous cables, and masses of foliage made
observation of the flowers and fruits of their hosts a difficult
task. Some of the climbing cables are the stems of plants
of the grape family; one is a very prickly blackberry,

*[After this list had been handed to the Royal Society it was
pointed out that a list of plants of the National Park had been
published by the late F. M. Bailey. The two lists, however, do not
overlap to any considerable extent.—Ed. ]

2 LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.

which takes the place of the lawyer cane of the coastal
scrubs and lower ranges; another, strange to say, is the
plant with the large yellow flower, Hibbertia volubilis,
well known for its unpleasant odour, and common along
our beaches. Here it climbs to heights of 40 feet and over,
and has stems eight to ten inches in diameter.

These high tablelands are very rich in ferns, and more
than sixty species, including four kinds of treeferns, were
observed.

TREES OF THE NATIONAL PARK.

(Found in flower or fruit, December, 1916, and January,

1917.)
No. Species. Family. Local Name (if any).
1. Acacia longifolia, Willd. Leguminose .. lLong-leaved wattle.
2. Ackama Muelleri, Benth. Saxifrageze .. Corkwood of N.S. Wales.
3. Akania Hill, Hook... Sapindacee .. Turnip-wood.
4. Acronychia levis, Forst. Rutaceze
Dy oe 95 V- pur-

purea, Bail. Rutaceze
6. Actephila Mooreana, Bail. Euphorbiacee
7. Alphitonia excelsa, Reiss. Rhamneze .. Red ash ; Leather Jacket
of N.S. Wales.
8. Alyxiaruscifolia, R. Br. Apocynacee .. Necklace fruit.
9. Amoora nitidula, Benth. Meliacez .. Jimmie Jimmie; Bog

; Onion (One of).
10. Anopterus Macleayanus,

F.v.M. che .. Saxifragee .. Bridal Bells.
ll. Archontophenix Cunning-
hamu, W.and D... Palme .. Piccabeen or Bangalow
Palm.
12. Baloghia lucida, Endl. Euphorbiacee Scrub Bloodwood.
13. Bosistoa supindiformis,
F.y.M. a3 .. Rutaceze .. Union Nut.

14. Cadellia pentastylis, F.v.M. Simarubez
15. Callicoma serratifolia,

Andr. ae .. Saxifragee .. Black Wattle of N.S.W.
16. Cleistanthus Cunninghamit,

Mull. Arg. .. .. Euphorbiaceze
17. Codonocarpus australis,

A, Cunn. .. .. Phytolaccacee Bell-fruit.
18. Croton Verreauxi, Baill.. Euphorbiaceze
19. Cryptocarya glaucescens,

R. Br. i .. Laurinee .- Brown Beech and Black

Sassafras of N.S. Wales.

20. Cryptocarya obovata, R.Br. Laurines .. Nucarn of N.S. Wales.
7A 3 triplinervis,

R. Br. a .. Laurinez

22. Cupania pseudorhus,
PAR ECC Ohara .. Sapindacee .. Cowitch tree.

Species.

. Decaspermum paniculatum,

Baill.

. Diploglottis pL

Hook.

. Doryphora sassafras, Endl.

. Duboisia myoporoides,*
R. St

Br.

. Dysoxylon Frazerianum,

Benth.

. ELleocarpus grandis, F.v.M.

. Eleodendron australe, Vent.

Embothrium Wickhami,
F.v.M.,var. pinnata,
M. and B.

. Evodia accedens, Blume

> littoralis, Endl.
3 micrococca, F.v.M.

. Bucalyptus eugenioides,

Sieb.

. Bugenia brachyandra,

M. and B.

. Bugenia paniculata, S.

and B.

. Lupomatia laantnd: R. Br
. Luroschinus falcatus, J. D.

Hook.

. Fagus Mooreiy, F.v.M.

. Flindersia Schotltiana,

F.v.M.

. Grevillea Helmsie, Baill.

5 Hilliana, F.v.M.

. Harpullia alata, F.v.M.
. Halfordia drupifera, F.v.M.
. Homalanthus populifolius,

Grah.

JOHN SHIRLEY.

Family.
Myrtacez
Sapindacee
Monimiaceze
Solanaceze
Meliacez
Tiliacez

Celastriner
Proteaceze
Rutacee

Rutacee
Rutacese

Myrtacez

Myrtacez
Anonacez

Anacardiacee. .

Cupuliferee

Rutacez

Proteacez
Proteacez
Sapindacez
Rutaceze

Euphorbiace

Local Name (if any).

Native Tamarind.

Sassafras; Black Sassa-
fras,

Pencil Cedar ; Rosewood
of N.S. Wales.

Brisbane Quandong ;
Blue Fig of N.S. Wales.

Olive-wood.

Red Silky Oak

Soapwood.

Small-leaved White

Stringybark.

One of the Scrub Cherries
Native Custard Apple.

Maiden’s Blush
Queensland.

Mountain Beech ; Negro-
headed Beech.

Cudgerie and Ash of

N.S. Wales.

White Yiel Yiei
Wing-leaved Tulipwood.

Bulli poison plant.

*A shrub on the coast, a tree with a diameter of two feet on the plateau.
This plant is a close relation of that supplying the western blacks with
Pituri.

This species seems to be dying out.

The main trunk is usually dead ;

its base has spread out laterally, and from it as many as 20 or 30 other stems

may rise.

The roots are often lifted in part above the ground, and form

archways under which one can walk. The timber is red and very durable.
Pieces long buried, and rotted on the outside, were found still red and
unchanged within.

LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.

Species.

. Hymenospermum Lic
F.v.M.

. Hypsophila Halley es
F.v.M. :

. Laportea gigas, Wedd.
. Litsea dealbata, Nees. ..
33 reticulata, Benth.

Marlea vitiensis, Benth.

52. *Melicope pubescens, Bail.

= Acronychia melicopoides
v. laciantha F.v.M...

53. Myrsine crassifolia, R.Br.

7 variabilis, R.Br.

. Myrtus rhytisperma, F.v.M.

v. grandiflora, Benth.
. Orites excelsa, R. Br.

. Panax elegans, F.v.M.

Es Murrayi, F.v.M.

. Pennantia Cunninghami,
Miers

. Pentaceras australis,
Hook f.° 3

. Pittosporum Hamelin,
A. Cunn. AE

2. Piltosporum undulatum,

Vent.

. Psychotria Si ricuonitiierniy,
Bail.

ps v. glabrescens,
Bail. x
. Quintinia Sieberi, D.C.

ss Verdonti, F.v.M
7. Rhodomyrtus said

Benth.
38. Rhodosphera sodinifioind

B.v.M.

. Saccopetalum Bidwillii,
Benth. Ze

. Sambucus xanthocarpa,
F.v.M.

. Sarcopteryx stipitata,
Benth.

. Sideroxylon australe,
Benth.

. Sloanea australis, Benth.

Family.
Pittosporee

Celastrinez
Urticacee
Laurine
Laurinee

Cornacez
Rutacez

Myrsine
Myrsinee

Myrtacee
Proteaceze

Araliacez
Araliacez

Olacinex
Rutacez

Pittosporece

Pittosporez
Rubiaceze
Rubiaceze
Saxifrageze

Saxifragece

Myrtaceze

Anacardiacee. .

Anonacez
Caprifoliacez
Sapindacez

Sapotacee

Tiliacese

Local Name (if any).

Bag Fruit.

Large Stinging Treo.

Bally Gum; The Beech
of N.S. Wales.

Lofty Silky Oak;

Prickly Ash of N.S.W.
Mowbulan Whitewood.
Celery Tree.

Scrub White Cedar.

Diamond-leaved Mock
Orange

Mock Orange.

Opossum Wood of N.S.W

Native Guava.

Deep Yellow-wood ; Yel-
low Cedar of N.S.W.

Native Elderberry.

Panunpin Plum; Serub
Crab; Scrub Apple;
Scrub Plum.

Maiden’s Blush of N.S. W.

*Has a large fleshy acid fruit, yellow when ripe.

BY JOHN SHIRLEY.

Local Name (if any).
Beetwood ; Silky Oak of
N.S. Wales.
Wheel of Fire.
Sycamore ; Hat-tree.

Bastard Rosewood ; Red-
wood of N.S. Wales.

Stavewood ; Ironwood.

Peach-leaved poison
plant.

Ironwood of Canungra ;
Beech and Swamp
Mahogany of N.S.W.

Cogwheel Fruit.

Lignum-vite.

Red Carrabeen of N.S.W.
Pigeon Berry of Tam-
bourine.

Prickly Yellow-wood.

Native Dutchman’s Pipe
Virgin’s Bower of N.S.W.

Bushman’s Sarsaparilla.

Blood Vine.

Native Wistaria

No. Species. Family.
74, Stenocarpus salignus, Proteacex
R. Br. vy. Moorei
Nop 55 sinuatus, Endl, Proteaceze
76. Sterculia discolor, F.v.M. Sterculiacee ..
fide Be quadrifida, R.Br. Sterculiacere ..
78. Synoum glandulosum,
Juss. Meliaceze
79. Tarrietia actinophylla,
Bail. .. Sterculiacee ..
80. Trema aspera, Bane 3 Urticaceze
81. Tristania laurina, R. Br. Myrtacez
82. Trochocarpa laurina, R.Br. Epacride
83. Vitex lignum-vite, A. Cun. Verbenacee
84. Weinmannia Benthami,
F.v.M, Saxitrageze
85. Wilkica macrophylla, D. C. Monimiacez
87. Xanthoxrylum brachyacan-
thum, F.v.M. Rutaceze
VINES OF THE NATIONAL PARK.
1. Arisiolochia preevenosa,
F.v.M. Aristolochiaceze
2. Clematis glycinoides, D. C Ranunculacez
3. Deeringia altissima, F.v.M. Amarantaceze
4. Hibbertia volubilis, Andr. Dilleniacez
5. Hardenbergia Le os
Benth. ; Leguminose .
6. Legnephora Sree Micts Menispermacez
7. Lettsomia Souttert, Bail. Convolyulacee
8. Lyonsia a Lahey:
F.v.M. Apocynacere .
9. Lyonsia dafotia: Barth. Apocynacee ..
10. » straminea, R. Br. Apocynacee ..
ll. Lonchocarpus Blackii,
Benth. Leguminose .
12. Marsdenia Fraseri, Benth. Asclepediacez
13. Melodinus acuti “gy US;
F.v.M. : Apocynacee ..
14, Milletia australis, F. Vv. M. Leguminose ..
15. Morinda jasminoides,
A. Cunn, Rubiaceze
16. Muhlenbeckia gracillima,

Meiss.

F.v.M.

Polygonacee .

. Panax cephalobotrys, F.v. M Araliacez
= Aralia Panes

. Parsonsia lanceblata: R. Be Apocynace ..

26 LIST OF PLANTS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.

No. Species. Family. Local Name (if any). ‘

19. Parsonsia Leichhardtii,
F.v.M. .. Apocynacee ..

20. > velutina, Roxb. Apocynacee ..
21. Piper nove-hollandie, Miq. Piperacee .. Native Pepper.
22. Rubus Moorei, F.v.M. .. Rosaceze .. Five-leaved Blackberry.
ae ae a v. Tryoni,*
Shirley oe .. Rosacee .. Five-leaved Blackberry.
24. Trichosanthes palmata, }
Roxb. AF .. Cucurbitaceze
25. Vitis nitens, F.v.M. .. Ampelidee .. Water-vines.
26. ., hypoglauca, F.v.M. Ampelidee .. Water-vines.
27. 4, ‘opaca, F.v.M. .. Ampelidee .. Water-vines.

FERNS OF THE NATIONAL PARK.

No. Species. Local Name (if any).
1, Adiantum ethiopicum, L. .. Common Maiden-hair Fern.
2, 35 affine, Willd. .. Scrub Maiden-hair Fern.
at Be diaphanum, Bl. .. Waterfall Maiden-hair Fern.
4 = formosum, R. Br. Giant Maiden-hair Fern.
5 sn hispidulum, Sw. .. Rough Maiden-hair Fern.
6. Alsophila australis, R. Br. .. Rough-stemmed Tree Fern.
7 Ss excelsa, R. Br. .. Sear-stemmed Tree Fern.
8. es Leichhardti, F.v.M. Prickly-stemmed Tree Fern.
9. Arthrolepis Beckleri, Mett. .. Delicate Climbing Shield Fern.
10. =2 obliterata, J. Sm. .. Large Climbing Shield Fern.
11. ~ tenella, J. Sm. .. Dotted-leaved Climbing Shield Fern.
12. Asplenium adiantoides, C. Ch. Social Veined Fern.
ips Z, bulbiferum, Forst. Budding Veined Fern.
14, P flabellifolium, Cav. Fan-shaped Veined Fern.
15. > japonicum, Thunb. Japanese Veined Fern.
16. a nidus, L. .. .. Bird’s Nest Fern.
17. Athyrium umbrosum, J. Sm.
v. tenerum, Bail. .. Tall Scrub Fern.
18. Blechnum (Lomaria) capensis,
Willd. os .. Pickled Cabbage Fern.
Lg) *e cartilagineum, Sw. .. Bungwal.
20. 55 (Lomaria) Patersoni,
Spr. be “E .. Double-fronded Creek Fern.
21. Cyclophorus serpens, C. Ch. .. Small Climbing Tongue Fefn.
22, 29 confluens, C. Ch... Large Climbing Tongue Fern.
23. Davallia dubia, R. Br. .. Mountain Bracken.
24. F pyxidata, Cav. .. Hare’s Foot Fern.
25. a ; spelunce, Baker .2 Cave: Fem. ;
26. Dennstedtia davallioides, R. Br.
27. Dicksonia antarctica, Lab. .. Woolly Tree Fern.
28. Diplazium maximum, Don. .. Great Scrub Veined Fern.

*Separated from the type by its smaller, narrower leaflets, and
paler coloured leaves-

No.
. Doodia aspera R. Br.

BY JOHN
Species.

* » v. heterophylla, naa

. Doodia caudata,R. Br. ..

39 no v. media, feeih

. Dryopteris decomposita, Ktze.

gongylodes, Ktze.
punctata, C. Ch.
Baileyi, M. & B...
tenera, C. Ch.

. Histiopteris incisa, J. Sm.
. Hymenophyllum bivalve, Forst.

flabellatum, Lab.
javanicum, Spr.

39
39
39

tunbridgense, Sm

. Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh. ..
. Nephrolepis cordifolia, Presl. ..
. Pellea falcata, R. Br.

os aS vy. nana, Bail.

. Polypodium australe, Metten ..

Brownti, Wikst. ..
membranifolium,

IR Bre :
pustulatum, Forst.
scandens, Lab.

: Plafycetviim bifurcatum, C. Ch.
. Pieridium aquilinum, Kubn. ..
. Pteris tremula, R. Br. ..

umbrosa , R. Br.

. Trichomanes caudatum, Brack.

55 venosum, R. Br...
Vittaria elongata, Sw. ..

Baileyana, Dom.

SHIRLEY.

Local Name (if any).
Caraway-seed Fern.
Small Caraway-seed Fern.
Tailed Caraway-seed Fern.

Common Shield Fern.
Swamp Shield Fern.
Dotted Bracken.

Shiny Shield Fern.
Black-bordered Shield Fern.
Batswing Ferm.

Fan-shaped Filmy Fern.
Javanese Filmy Fern.
Bailey’s Filmy Fern.

English Filmy Fern.

Scrub Border Fern.

Sword Fern.

Ear Fern.

Small Ear Fern.

Class-roll Fern.
Spotted-leaved Tongue Fern.

Parchment-leaved Tongue Fern.
Pustule-leaved Tongue Fern.
Branch-leaved Tongue Fern.
Elk-horn.

Common Bracken.

Trembling Bracken.

Scrub Bracken.

Tailed Bristle Fern,

Veined Bristle Fern.
Grass-leaved Fern,

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA.,

s
By Proressor T. Harvey Jounston, M,A., D.Sc., aAnp
B. BuckLaNp TAYLOR

(Biology Department, University, Brisbane.)

(Text-figures 1-4.)

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th April,
1919).

The Chaetognatha of the Australian coast have
received very little attention. Apart fyom the collection
made in Shark Bay, Western Australia, reported on by
Ritter-Zahony (1910); no systematic attempt to investigate
them seems to have been made.

No records have been published regarding their pre-
sence on the northern and southern coasts, though several
species, viz., Sagitta hexaptera, 8S. serratodentata and
Eukrohnia hamata have been reported from Antarctic
waters due south of Australia (Fowler, 1907). A few casual
determinations of species from the Eastern coast have been
made by Ritter-Zahony in 1909 (S. bipunctata, S. serrato-
dentata and S. robusta), and Jchnston in 1909 (S.
australis). | Whitelegge (1889. p. 163) mentioned the
occurrence of Sagitta sp. in Sydney Harbour, while Waite*
reported that Sagitta was taken commonly in tew nets _
by the Thetis Expedition off the N.S.W. coast. Steinhaus |
recorded S. enflata from 160° E, some distance westward
of New Caledonia, but the record cannot be considered
as Australian. Ritter-Zahony (1909 p. 792) referred to the

* E. R. Waite, Memoirs Austr. Museum, 4 (1), 1899, p. 14.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 29

capture of S. enflata forma minor by the “ Gazelle’ during
a voyage between the Solomon Islands and Moreton Bay,
but this record is not sufficiently localised to be regarded as
Australian. SS. hexaptera is known from New Guinea
and New Britain (Ritt.-Z. 1909, p. 790),

We have examined tcw-net material from Moreton
Bay and Port Jackson, as well as that collected by Pro-
fessor Haswell, F.R.S., in the s.s. ‘‘ Miner,” in June, 1906,
at a locality fifty miles E. of Sydney. We take this
opportunity to express our indebtedness to Professor Has-
well.

To the three species of Chaetognatha reported from
Eastern Australian waters, we are able to add six species
of Sagitta and one of Spadella. The total number of species
now known from the Australian coast is as follows : Sagitta
eleven ; Pterosagitta one; Krohnitta one; Spadella one ;
total fourteen.

Under each heading we have mentioned some of the
outstanding features by which the species may be readily
determined. A list of measurements is appended, and
a simple key to the recorded Australian forms, which we
have found to be of service, has been added for the con-
venience of Australian students.

1. S. serratodentata Krohn.
Syn : Spadella serratodentata Grassi, 1883.

We have examined a good many specimens of the
species, and have found a considerable range of variation
in the number of anterior and posterior teeth, and in the™
relative size of the jaws. Our specimens have from 2 to 3
anterior and 4 to 12 posterior teeth as compared with 8
to 10 and 17 to 20 respectively, as recorded by Fowler
(1906, p. 20) and 6 to 9 anterior. 13 to 19 posterior, as
recorded by Michael (1911. p. 39). The fins of the speci-
mens were very torn, which probably accounts for the fact
that we found less than 50% of the posterior fin on the
body. Michael (1911. p. 39) has referred to the variability
of this ratio. In a few of our specimens, which were very
small, being less than 5mm. in length, some of the jaws were

30 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,

slender and apparently not serrated. Tactile papillae
were present on nearly all, and in the mature forms the
tail was filled with sperm morule.

Australian localities: Port Jackson (June, 1907) ;
also Shark Bay, Western Australia (Ritter-Zahony, 1910,
p.126); Great Sandy Island, Queensland (Ritt.-Z., 1909, p.
792).

Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; the East
Indies ; Japan; the Maldives; the Indian Ocean: the
Mediterranean Sea; Southern California; the Straits of
Magellan.

2. S. australis Johnston.

We have re-examined specimens of this species, declared
by Ritter-Zahony (1911, p. 13) to be a synonym of S. enflata,
and have come to the conclusion that the species is valid.
There are four transparent, flaccid species with which it
might at first sight be confused, but from all of which it
is distinguished by the possession of a bilobed tail. They
are S. enflata, S. hexaptera, S. pulchra, and 8S. lyra.

From S. enflata it differs markedly in the relative posi-
tions of the anterior fin and ventral ganglion. Ritter-
Zahony (1911, p. 13), says, “‘ Vorderflossen schmal, abger- —
undet, von Bauchganglion um dessen mehrfache Lange
entfernt,’’ which is borne out by his diagram in which the
interval between the two is at least the length of the fin.
As shewn in the original figure of australis (Johnston, 1909),
the anterior fin begins in front of the ganglion. There
is also a difference in the position of the widest portion of
the posterior fin, this being at the tail septum in enflata,
but behind the septum in ausiralis. Again, the former
has a small collarette, but no such structure has been
observed in the latter.

From S. pulchra it is distingushed by the well marked
neck, the presence of rays in the fins ; also the maximum
number of jaws in pulchra (7) is the minimum in australis
(7-11); the tail percentage is lower in australis (16.5%,
as compared with 18% in pulchra).

From S. hezxaptera it differs in the number of anterior
teeth (1-4 hexaptera ; 6-12 australis); in the number of

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR 3l

posterior teeth (1-6 hexaptera ; 9-11 australis) ; the anterior
fin is remote from the ganglion in hexaptera and there is a
greater distance between it and the posterior fin (11°% com-
pared to 8% in australis) ; there is also a difference in the
relative length of the two fins, the posterior being the longer
in hexaptera, but in australis they are equal, or the anterior
may be slightly the longer ; a crest is present on the jaws
of hexaptera but not on those of australis; the latter is
also distinguished by its marked neck.

From S. lyra it differs in the number of anterior teeth
(4-8, lyra) ; in the position of the widest part of the pos-
terior fin (in front oi the septum in lyra); in the lesser
distance between the fins (6.1°% lyra) and in its well marked
neck,

Australian record: Maroubra Bay, near Sydney,

N.S.W. (Johnston, 1909).

3. S. enflata Grassi.
Syn: S. lyja Langerhans, 1880 (not Krohn, 1853). ;
Spadelia enflata Grassi, 1881 ;
S. flaccida Conant, 1896 ;
S. gardinert Doneaster, 1902 ;
S. brachycephala Moltschanoff, 1907 ;
S. inflata Ritter-Zahony, 1908, 1909.

Body broad, transparent and flaccid; neck marked ;
anterior fin does not reach ventral ganglion. Posterior
fin does not reach seminal vesicles but tail fin does. Very
like S. australis in general appearance but the differences
have been discussed under S. australis.

Australian localities : 50 miles E. of, Sydney (common,
June. 1906); Southport, Moreton Bay, Queensland, (Feb.
1919) ; already reported from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-
Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from the North Atlantic ;
Mediterranean Sea; Madeira; Japan ; Indo-Pacific ; Mal-
dives ; East Indies; Southern California.

4. S. pulchra Doncaster.

We have identified this species from a_ solitary
immature specimen. It is a transparent, flaccid form with
numerous sensory papillae distributed over the entire

32 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,

animal. From the posterior end of the tail to the ganglion
is 67% of the total length. A collarette is present.

Australian localities: Tasman Sea, 50 miles E. of
Sydney—previously reported from Shark Bay, W.A.
(Ritter-Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from New Guinea ;
the East Indies ; Indo-Pacific ; Maldives ; and the North
Pacific.

5. S. minima Grassi.

Syn: Spadella minima Grassi, 1881.

Transparent and comparatively stout, with a neck
region visible, though there is no marked constriction.
In one of our specimens, which was almost mature, the
ovaries were compact and club-shaped, the whole tail filled
with developing spermatozoa’; the seminal vesicles, however,
were very small. There is no constriction at the septum,
but the decrease in size is rather sudden. 20% is the maxi-
mum tail percentage recorded, but one of our specimens
has a percentage of over 23%. The anterior fin almost
reaches the ganglion.

Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June,
1906) ; already known from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-
Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from Japan ; Indian Ocean ;
Mid Atlantic ; and the Mediterranean Sea.

6. S. bedoti Beraneck.

Syn: S. bipunctata Aida, 1895.
S. polyodon Doncaster, 1902.

This form is not among our Eastern Australian material
the following information being taken from Michael (1911,
p.- 75). No colldrette ; head small; sudden diminution
at tail septum ; anterior fin longer than posterior ; pos-
terior fin extends to seminal vesicles ; less than 50% of
posterior fin in front of tail septum.

Australian localities : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony,
1910). Also recorded from the East Indies ; Japan : Indo-
Pacific ; Maldives (as S. polyodon).

7. S. regularis Aida.
Syn: S. bedfordit Doncaster, 1902.
We have examined only one immature specimen,

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 33

comparatively slender, firm and opaque, with a fairly
uniform breadth to the septum. The corona ciliata is
entirely on the body ; a very noticeable collarette is present
extending over the whole head ; and apparently there is a
thickening of the epidermis all over the body, bearing numer-
ous tactile papillae.

Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June,
1906) ; known also from Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony,
1910). Also recorded from the East Indies ; Japan, Indo-
Pacific ; Maldives.

8. S. robusta Doncaster.
Syn: S. hispida (non Conant) Aida, 1897 ;
S. hispida Doncaster, 1902 ;
S. ferox Doncaster, 1902 ;
S. japonica Galzow, 1910.

A firm opaque form, about the same width-from the
ganglion to septum; many sensory papillae ove: whole
body and tail ; collarette marked, though not so conspicu-
ous as in regularis, extending to the anterior fin ; the pos-
terior fin reaching the characteristically shaped seminal
vesicles in mature specimens, as does also the tail fin ; the
jaws thick at the base and greatly curved in the terminal
third ; lateral process of vestibular ridge blunt ; papillae
irregular and rather pointed.

Australian localities: 50 miles E. of Sydney (June,
1906) ; reported also from Great Sandy Island, Queensland
(Ritter-Zahony, 1909). . Also recorded from New Guinea ;
East Indies; Sea of Japan; Indian Ocean; Maldives ;
Atlantic Ocean.

9. S. bipunctata Quoy and Gaimard.
Syn: S. multidentata Krohn, 1853 ;
Spadella mariont Gourret, 1884.

This form was not found among our Eastern Australian
material, the following information being taken from Michael
1911, p. 41). Body rigid; constriction at tail septum
evident ; collarette very short ; anterior fin never extend-

ing to ventral ganglion ; posterior fin longer than anterior,
C

34 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA,

extending to seminal vesicles when the latter are tumid_
being always more than 50% of fin in front of tail septum.

Australian localities; Great Sandy Island, Queens-
land (Ritter-Zahony, 1909; Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-
Zahony, 1910). Also recorded from New Guinea ; Altantic
Ocean ; North Sea; Baltic Sea; English Channel ; Irish
Sea; Mediterranean Sea ; Carribean Sea: Indo-Pacific ;
Bay of Bengal; Southern California; 8. of the Cape of
Good Hope ; Arctic Ocean.

10 S. tenuis Conant.

This species is placed by Ritter-Zahony in the synonymy
of S. bipunctata, but Michael (1911, p. 72) declares it dis-
tinct. We vefer to this species a solitary specimen which
is opaque and firm, and more or less of even width. It
is impossible to make out the limits of the fins, but all other
measurements coincide with those of S. tenuis, though
our specimen is 0.5mm. longer than any other recorded.
There is a small collarette, a few papillae, and no neck ;
the tail is full of sperm morulae. It should be borne in
mind that Ritter-Zahony has already recorded S. bipunctata
from Great Sandy Island, on the Queensland coast.

Australian locality: Port Jackson (June, 1907).
Previously recorded from Jamaica by Conant.

11. S. neglecta Aida.
Syn: S. septata Doncaster, 1902.

Our specimens ranged from 3.6 to 5.2mm. in length,
none of which were fully mature. They were slender, firm
and opaque. A collarette was visible on several. The
anterior fin reached the seminal vesicles. There was less
than 50° of the posterior fin in front of the tail septum.
The fins were imperfect in all our material, which will
account for the great variation in the interval between
the fins as recorded in our table.

Australian localities ; Caloundra and Southport, More-
ton Bay, Queensland, May, 1918, Feb., 1919. Also recorded
from the Indo-Pacific: Maldives ; Japan; East Indies ;
Southern California.

BY T HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 35

12. Pterosagitta-draco (Krohn).
Syn: Pt. mediterranea Costa, 1869 ;
Sagitta draco Krohn, 1858 ;
Spadella draco of authors ;
Spadella vaugai Beraneck, 1895.

This species was not present in our Eastern Australian
material, the following description being taken from Michael
(1911, p. 54). Body firm and opaque; collarette very
pronounced, measuring approximately 0.5% on each side
of the body, and extending from head to tail septum ;
ventral ganglion midway between head and tail septum.

Length 7mm. ; tail 43.6%; tail to ventral ganglion
66% ; anterior teeth 4-8 ; posterior teeth 8-18 ; jaws 8-10.

Australian locality : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony,
1910). Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; Mediter-
ranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Maldives ; Japan; Southern
California ; Agulhas ; Antarctic.

13. Krohnitia subtilis (Grassi).
Syn: Sagitta subtilis Grassi, 1881.
Spadella subtilis Grassi, 1883 ;
Krohnia subtilis Strodtmann, 1892 ;
K. pacifica Aida, 1897 ;
EKukrohnia subtilis (Grassi).

This species was not among out Eastern Australian
material, the following description being taken from Michael
(1911, p. 52). Body nearly transparent. long and slender ;
neck evident ; seizing jaw very ilat, broad, thin and evenly
curved, points extremely fine and delicate.

Length 12-16mm. ; tail 30-34%; to ventral ganglion
17-23% ; teeth 10-14; jaws 7-9.

Australian locality : Shark Bay, W.A. (Ritter-Zahony,
1910). Also recorded from the Atlantic Ocean; Black
Sea ; Mediterranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Bay of Bengal ;
Southern California.

36 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA

TABLE OF CHARACTERS OF SPECIES OF SacittTa (recorded
from Australian waters).

() denotes information obtained from the following
sources: Fowler (1906); Michael (1908); and _ Ritter-
Zahony (1911).

14. Spadella moretonensis a. sp. (Text-figures 1-4).

A small robust species, 3.68mm. in length, with a
pronounced neck region, which is masked by an extensive

°% of total length.
Bonothy even eames | Post. | Dist. |Anter.|Poster.
inmm. | Tail fin. fin. bet. fins teeth | teeth
. serratodentata | 3.4-16 | 20-30 | (20-24) | 14287 (7.5) 2-3 4-12
(17) | (36) (25) (11) | (20)
qustralis.4.)0|, 12224016197 4) 20-98. "ages 8. "eae yaad
a
~ ollnmye G6 call lrg 13-20 | 11-17 17 6.8 10 15
(20) | (25) (17)
Ypulchrs, | 628. | BTIB~ |)(34%6) (24) | (5.7) |(5-10)] (9-19)
(22) | | |
. minima S14. 8-6 | -19=28%! | (3-5) | (7-14)
(10) | | |
_bedoti .. ..| (5-18) |(21-35) | (20) | (24) |(5.4) | (@-13)] (20-23)
. regularis soll ake 29) (13) (23) 6.8 | (2-4)] (2-6)
(27) (40) |
pees | err (er: |
robusta ..| 14416 | 20-29 | 14-17 | 18-24 W0ST2ey omens
(20) | (36) (20) (6.8) | (10) | (16)
. bipunctata ..| (9-20) | (21.27) | (15-9) (7.9): | (TASB eT)
. tenuis .. .:| 6 28.3 | (12-13) | (25.6) |(16-17)) (5) | (9) |
(29) | '
neglecta ..| 3.6-5°| 24-32.8] 11-18.4 | 17.6-23 | 6.4-11] 24 | 610 | 6-7
(10) (40) (2a (This). |

collarette, reaching the lateral fins and having a swelling |

on either side of the position of the corona, so that the neck
region here appears almost as wide as the head, There
are transverse muscles present throughout both body and
tail, and the whole animal is covered with sensory papillae,
each bearing several short tactile setae. The head is
slightly broader than it is long, and has two prominences
in front, each bearing 3 or 4 very stout curved teeth

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. oil

measuring .03mm. in length; the eyes are large but not
pigmented. There are 9 jaws on each side, in form like
those of Eukrohnia subtilis, the point not being inserted
into the shaft, but they are more curved. The corona
is almost circular, and lies on the neck and body. The
animal is widest at the septum, where it measures (exclud-
ing fin) 0.4 mm. #.e., 11.7% of the total length, and then
tapers gradually towards the neck and tail. The lateral
fin commences on front of the receptaculum seminis. It
reaches its maximum width (which is 18% of the total
length of the animal including the tail fin) in front of the
tail, then narrowing in the region of the seminal vesicles,
where it becomes confluent with the tail fin. The latter,
as well as the lateral fins are entirely traversed by rays.
The ovaries extend into the vicinity of the ganglion the
ova being few and relatively very large (0.2mm.) A small
receptaculum seminis opens on the dorso-lateral surface
on each side just in front of the tail septum. The aperture
is situated on a well-marked rounded prominence with a
swollen extremity and a rather narrower stalk-like portion.
The actual opening is trilobed in our specimen. The tail
measures 56.5% of the total length. Most of its coelome
is filled with sperm morule, the testis occupying only
a small anterior position. The vesicule seminales are very
small and inconspicuous, and lie in the posterior third of
the tail, at the narrowest part of the fin width. The tail
fin arises from the dorsal surface and there 1s a differenti-
ated zone at the posterior end of the tail. There are sensory
patches on both the lateral and tail fins. Two club-shaped
papillated bodies are present on the posterior half of the
tail, lying on the ventral surface at the right side. Though
they became stained like the tissues of the animal, as a result
of the use of hematoxylin, yet their asymmetrical arrange-
ment and general appearance suggest that they are foreign
bodies—perhaps of an algal nature. The largest measures
-0.14mm. in length and 0..06mm. in maximum breadth ;
the other 0.10 and 0.04mm. respectively.

The following measurements were taken from the
animal while in formalin ; Length, including tail fin, 3.68
mm.; tail, 56.5% of total length; maximum breadth,

38 NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA.

excluding lateral fin, 11.7% of total length ; maximum
width of fin, 18.2% of total length ; percentage of fin in
front of tail septum, 3% ; tail, including tail fin, to ventral
ganglion, 75°% of total length.

Sp. moretonensis differs from the other two valid
species of Spadella in the following characters :—

Sp. schizoptera Conant, possesses two pairs of fins,
its corona is triangular, its teeth are long and curved, and
the tail is 51% of the total length.

Sp. cephaloptera Busch, possesses two rows of teeth,
the fin begins behind the receptaculum seminis, the corona
is a long oval and the collarette covers the whole body.
The possession of a club-like tentacle on each side of the
head is quoted as one of the distinguishing characters of
the species. These however do not appear to have been
seen by subsequent observers, at least some of whom have
assumed that they had become lost from the specimens
which they examined. The figures of Sp. cephaloplera,
which are available to us, and which show the presence of
these structures, suggest that they are probably not ten-
tacles but are foreign organisms, probably alge, which
have accidently developed symmetrically on the head region.
They remind us of the two club-like bodies present on our
solitary specimen of Sp. moretonensis.

The known range of Spadella (sensu stricto) is as
follows :—Sp. cephaloptera, Atlantic and Mediterranean
coast of Europe, the Black Sea and the Irish Seas. Sp.
schizoptera is known only from the Bahamas. Sp. moreton-
ensis is the first species of the genus to be recorded from the
Seuthern Hemisphere.

We take this opportunity to express our thanks to Mr.
R. L. Higgins for this specimen, which was found among
alge at Caloundra, July, 1918.

BY T HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 39

KEY TO GENERA OF CHAETOGNATHA.

From Ritter-Zahony (1911, p. 44).

IE MUrAnAVerse eIMUSCless OM OGY sere idole feleisi lo loll oiole ele) @ ol <=) ele) +1) «11 «1° 2
IN@itransverse muscles) OmmnOdy, <tc \)s)1 ie) lersi=/a)s.ce 1 se «21s se) 010) =)0\ ele) oi 4

2. Medium sized species, with 1 or 2 rows of numerous teeth

on each side, and an extensive pair of fins extending
WOE OMY SAMRAT ce apt etaiiee ols ais) aia -teicke ieke [1 shvini='a) Ves <i) eins 3

Small compact species with 1 or 2 rows of small teeth,

a pair of fins on the tail, and may have a second
smell Toei GE UNS GN Wa DOC Nagasan dds eoobocdsocsouee Spadella

3. Two rows of teeth on each side, transverse muscles in
ANGEMOL GhIrGe OL ball ees sors) leuevererers 3218 6/0 steiciens!on ae Heterokrohnia

One row of teeth on each side, small transverse
ANNTERGLOSE OLIN LAME 5 coy=)'a fa) ele cvataie nbs) ayedohe eras ale ersietsVoreseis Sel s\ehar« Eukrohnia

4. One row of slender converging teeth on each side, one
Palrmotwla Geral fins iio, a sells jac cecre cn -vacsves she tee aucrerers w,-ve10 Se Krohnitia
MwOsrows) OL conical teethron) each Side... circle eles os swe elan a 5
5. Two pairs of lateral fins, sometimes fused together.......... Sagitta

One pair of lateral fins on the tail, as the continuation
OLmauavoluminous) -collaretteag sa sins ae 0s ors aieiersls ele Pterosagitta

KEY TO SPECIES OF SAGITTA
recorded from Australian waters.

Ibe Bodys transparent yands flaccid! (7 e)..1-.6)<101 2-12) steels 0121s) -) steel shcie) 0 fers 3
OF, lakerihve sth Guava l Cap oE KC 6 agm enon oO rOe on ab Od oT OAC Oe aD COMOmCeD Or 6
tae NOCKCONSULIC HON VeLY, MaLKeG series ceyae aeteieie faleieiciererectereretsieiel 4
Neckmconstrction note marked. n+. e- tects sets cisco sre aieliel)s ee 5
4. Anterior fin extends in front of ganglion................ australis
Anterior findoes nob meachivamelion ys ces seis =e ceieie «sole ele enflata
ae COMaretter pleseMureaiersarcst sos ior aoiateye atet s Sereyeateraic race ste oeehen oles pulchra
Collarettem absentee ste aces «jac cls aso ceremioandiene ners aaueerras minima
Ome Veoth serrated sys: .s asic %s cle os eee haters chaps arse berets: gists. lek serratodentata
Meothin noth a SEELate” veloc s:scvsateiers eaiovonexses erste tlelnises eta esicds arora u
Ue bosterionceethimorerunan: 20). creche aver sets s cree sic) Ss) = eeresys) es ae bedoti
iRosteriors teethw fewer sthani 20 )sc sess yerstste ree suet sl acy -ssyer-1 <'t stegete) ve 8
8. Collarette extends over whole head and to anterior fin...... regularis
Collarette extends from behind head to anterior fin.......... robusta,
Collarettog veryusmialllprs sasci marti sree cielo Saree 00s) ele sialic cites etsy sae 9
9. Posterior fin extends to seminal vesicles.................. bipunctata
Posterior fin does not extend to seminal vesicles................ 10
10. Anterior fin less than 15% total length.../................ tenuis

Anterior fin more than 15% total length.............. neglecta

1906

1907

1909

1908

1911

1909

1910

1911

1889

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAETOGNATHA. ,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Fowler, G. H.—Chaetognatha of the Siboga Expedition, ete. Siboga
Expedition Monograph, 21, 1906.

Fowler, G. H.—Chaetognatha with a note on those collected by
H.M.S. “Challenger,” ete. National Antarctic Exp.
Nat. Hist., Vol. 3, 1907, 6 pp.

Johnston, T. H.—An Australian Chaetognath. Records of the
Australian Museum, 7, (4), 1909, pp. 251-6.

Michael, E. L.—Notes on the identification of the Chaetognatha,
Biol. Bull, 15, (2), 1908, pp. 67-84.

Michael, E. L.—Classification and vertical distribution of the
Chaetognatha of the San Diego region. University of
California publications in Zoology, 8, (3), 1911, pp. 21-186.

Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Die Chaetognathen der Gazelle Expedi-
tion, Zool. Anz. 34, 1909.

Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Chaetognatha. Fauna Sud-West Aus-
traliens, 3, (3), 1910, pp. 125-6.

Ritter-Zahony, R. von—Revision der Chaetognathen. Deutsche
Sud-polar Exped., Vol. 13, Zool., Vol. 5 (1).

Whitelegge, T.—List of marine and invertebrate fauna of Port
Jackson, ctc., P.R.S. N.S.W., 23, 1889.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND B. BUCKLAND TAYLOR. 4i

TEXT-FIGURES, 1-4.

Text-figure 1.—Entire specimen of Spadella moretonensis, viewed from the
ventral surface as a transparent object: sensory areas
omitted.

Text-figure 2.—Dorsal view to show arrangement of sensory areas on
dorsal surface. To avoid confusion those on the ventral
surface have been omitted.

Text-figure 3.—Enlarged view of head and anterior portion of body ;

ventral view, anatomy showing through.
Text-figure 4.—Region of a female aperture (dorsal view).
References to lettering :—C., collarette ; cor., corona; f.b., foreign
body ?; 0., ovum; r.s., receptaculum seminis; t.s., tail septum; v.g.,
ventral ganglion ; v.s., vesicula seminalis.

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABORTIVE STYLES IN
BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA
Fv.M.

By C. D. Gituiss, M.Sc., and C. T. Waite.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 26th May,
1919).

(Text-figures 1-2).

In 1918, Longman and White described an interesting
mutant in the Proteaceous tree Buckinghamia celsissima
F.v.M., which is a monotypic species endemic to tropical
Australia, but on account of its handsome appearance
it has been introduced into gardens of Southern Queens-
and. The flowers normally possess a semi-annular
hypogynous gland situated at the base of the stipes, but
in the mutant of Longman and White the gland was
divided into a number of segments and two accessory
styliform structures accompanied the pistil. This
condition was observed to be constant in two consecutive
generations, viz. (a) in a tree at Wooloowin, and (bd) in a
parent plant at Enoggera. Both of these localities are
in the Brisbane district within a few miles of each other.

With the object of investigating the relationships of
the hypogynous gland and the accessory styliform
processes to one another, material was obtained from the
Botanical Museum, Brisbane, off spikes of flowers collected
in 1918 from the tree at Wooloowin. The specimens had
been preserved in formalin for over six months, with the
result that they had become discoloured and hardened,
so safranin was used for staining. The paraffin method
was used for embedding and on mounting it was found
that the cytological detail was poor, this doubtless being

BY C. D. GILLIES AND C. T. WHITE. 43

due to the fact that the material was not immediately
preserved in the formalin after collecting, for the specimens
were not originally gathered for sectioning.

With reference to the hypogynous gland, Longman
and White (1918, p. 162), state that ‘‘in practically every
flower the hypogynous gland is divided into four or five
segments (usually five) and two of these are much elongated
into supplementary style-like processes,” and later (p. 164),
* There is no evidence of a graduated change from the
tiny segments of the hypogynous gland, and it is therefore
thought that this marked modification is better expressed
as a mutation than as a variation.” After a _ careful
examination of our sections; we find that we cannot support
the opinion that these style-like processes have any
connection with the hypogynous gland, as it appears to us
most conclusively on morphological and histological grounds,
that they are neither hypogynous gland-segments nor
a mutation from them. On the contrary, their resemblance
to the style is very pronounced in regard to the following
important features, viz. (a) general shape, (b) stigmoid
extremity, and (c) microscopic structure. In Fig. 1. it
will be noticed with reference to the histology of the stipes
{which is similar to that of the style) and the style-like
processes, that these organs are chiefly composed of lightly
staining parenchyma (par.) surrounding a delicate central
strand of vascular tissue (v.b.), and containing a few
scattered deeply-stained cells (c). Contrasting and alter-
nating with the stipes and the style-like processes are the
segments of the hypogynous gland (hl, h2; h3), which stain
deeply and consequently are conspicuous structures in
section. We therefore conclude that the elongated organs
referred to by Longman and White as segments of the
hypogynous gland are really aborted styles and that their
development has caused splitting of the hypogynous gland
into distinct segments.

Early this year, one of us obtained typical flowers of
Buckinghamia celsissima from the Brisbane Botanic
Gardens, and sections for comparison were made. It will
be observed that the hypogynous gland (Fig. 2, h) is entire
and semi-annular in shape and that aborted styles are not
present.

44 ABORTIVE STYLES IN BUCKINGHAMIA CELSISSIMA F.v.M.

J mm.

BY C. D. GILLIES AND CGC. T. WHITE. 45

Our thanks are due to Professor T. H. Johnston, who
kindly allowed the section cutting to be performed in the
laboratory of the Biology Dept., University of Queensland.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Baiiey, F. M., Queensland Flora, 1901, Pt. IV., pp. 1351-1352.

BentuaM, G., Flora Australiensis, 1870, V., p. 532. -

LonGMAN AND WHiItE, “ Mutation in a _ Proteaceous Tree.’ Proce.
Roy. Soc. Q’land., XXX., 1918, pp. 162-4.-

Muercer, F. v. Fragm. Phytog., 1868, VI., pp. 247-8.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES.
Transverse sections across flowers of Buckinghamua celsissima ¥.v.M.
Fig. 1.—Mutant of Longman and White; c, deeply stained cells in
parenchyma of stipes and aborted styles; Al, h2, 43, segments of
hypogynous gland; p, perianth segments; par, parenchyma in stipes ;
&, stipes: st. 1, st. 2. aborted styles; v.b., vascular bundles.
Fig. 2.—Norma] flower;: lettering similar to above; h, undivided,

seri-annular hypogynous gland.

ALTERATION OF GENERIC NAME.

Norte By J. DouGuas OGILBY.

Ji these Proceedings, Vol. xxi, p. 91, I proposed the
name Hurycaulus for a genus of belonoid fishes. This,
having been previously used in Coleoptera by Fairmaire,
1868, I now change to Tropidocaulus.

THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

o——_

By Proressor T. Harvey Jounston, M.A., D.Sc.,
C.M.Z.8., aNp Orto 8. HirscHFreLp, B.Sc., Biology
Department, University, Brisbane.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 30th June,
1919).

Plates I and II and Text-figures 1-8).

The following species of Lingula have been recorded
from the Queensland Coast: LZ. anatina Lam. (ZL. rostrum
Shaw), L. murphiana King, L. tumidula Reeve, L. exusta
Reeve, L. hians Swainson, and L. hirundo Reeve, the first
five named being reported from Moreton Bay and the last
two from Port Curtis. Davidson in his list (1879, p. 402)
mentioned only the second, third and fourth, while Thom-
son (1918, p. 43) referred to all six.

The genus is rarely found on the New South Wales
Coast, only one species, L. hians, having been recorded from
Port Jackson by Angas in 1867, and by Brazier (1879a, p.
370 ; 18796, p. 402) as an extreme rarity, the latter author—
a very keen and persistent collector—stating that he had
found only one living specimen in Sydney Harbour during
his 25 years’ experience collecting there. Mr. C. Hedley,
who succeeded Mr. Brazier as Conchologist to the Australian
Museum, Sydney, informed us recently that he had never
collected Lingula in Sydney, the only specimen from New
South Wales that he had seen being the solitary form
obtained in 1866 by Brazier who determined it.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 47

Hedley in his catalogue of the marine mollusea of
Queensland (1909, p. 371) evidently considered that one
species alone was present, since his list contains only L.
anatina, while in hi§ check list of the marine molluscan
fauna of New South Wales (1917, p. 113) he referred to L.
rostrum Shaw (syn. L. analina) alone. He, however,
mentioned (1916, p. 695) that the species of Lingula had
been discriminated usually from dry and probably distorted
material and that little attention has been given to change
in appearance at different stages of growth. “It may be,
therefore, still a matter for investigation whether the names
assigned to Australian forms, L. tumidula Reeve, L. mur-
phiana Reeve, L. exusta Reeve, and L. hirundo Reeve,
represent distinct species, geographical races, or growth
forms of a single species.”

Lingula rostrum Shaw.

This is better known as L. anatina Lam. but Hedley
(1916, p. 694) has recently shown that Shaw’s name has
priority. The latter author described material from the
Philippine Islands under the name of Mytilus rostrum in
Lin.

Hediey evidently inclines to the view that there is
only one species on the Queensland coast, since, as already
stated above, he listed only L. anatina in 1909 (p. 371).
Von Martens (1889, p. 263) stated that while the * Gazelle ”’
was in quarantine at Peel Island, Moreton Bay, her natural-
ists found ZL. anatina to be common in the mud there ;
but the reference should be to L. murphiana King which is
the representative of LZ. anatina in south-eastern Queens-
land. Thomson (1918, p. 438), following Hedley (1916),
quoted Moreton Bay as an Australian locality for L. rostrum,
but both of these records relate to L. murphiana.

Brazier (1879a, p. 390) rejected Schmeltz’s record (in
Mus. Godefroy Catalogue 5, p. 171) of ZL. anatina from
Sydney, pointing out many other inaccuracies in the cata-
logue in regard to the localities given for certain mollusca.
He stated, however, that ZL. anatina was rather common
in mud flats in Moreton Bay and in New Caledonia. The
former record may refer to either L. hians or L. murphiana:

48 THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

both of which occur in Moreton Bay, but it is more likely
to be L. murphiana. We suspect that his New Caledonian
Lingula record should be referred to L. hians (see below).

The species very rarely met with in Port Jackson and
identified by Angas (1867, p. 935), Brazier (1879a, 1879b)
and Whitelegge (1889, p. 294) as L. hians was considered by
Hedley (1916, p. 694 ; 1917, p. 113) to be L. anatina (=L.
rostrum), but re-examination has proved that the species
is L. hians. The same author (1898, p. 369) regarded as
belonging to L. anatina some specimens collected in
British New Guinea but they belong to ZL. exusta.

L. anatina has been described anatomically by Vogt
(1845), Gratiolet (1860), King (1873), Haneock (1858),
Davidson (1888), Blochmann (1900), and others; and
referred to incidentally by Morse (1902) and Yatsu (1902).

The habitat given by Davidson (1888, p. 207) includes
the Indian Ocean ; Moluccas (between tide marks) ; off
Yedo, Japan ; Philippines (where it is sometimes very
common in sandy mud between tide marks) Timor and Fiji.
Yatsu referred to its abundance in certain parts of Japan,
as did also Morse. Reeve (1859) and Dall (1873, p. 203)
mentioned only the Philippines and Moluccas, while Sowerby
(p. 338) gave the latter locality and the Indian Ocean.*
Semper (1862, 1864), Yatsu (1902) and Francois (1891)
published an account of its habits in the Philippines, on the
Japanese coast, and in the vicinity of Noumea, New: Cale-
donia, respectively. There seems to be little difference in
habits amongst the Lingulide, as far as known (Smith
1878 for L. hians ; Morse 1870 for Glottidia pyramidata ;
Morse, 1902, for G. pyramedata and L. lepidula).

It is not unlikely that more than one species is included
under the term L. anatina by the abovenamed authors.
The type locality is the Philippines. fBlochmann, stated

*The ‘‘ Indian Ocean ”’ is of little value as a record. We do not know
of any definite locality (if we exclude Timor) in the Indian Ocean where
Lingula has been found, though no doubt it occurs in suitable situations
on those parts of the East Indies whose shores are washed by the Indian
Ocean.’

+Zur. Systematik u. geogr. Verbreitung d. Brachiopoden. Z.f.
wiss. Zool. 90, 1908 pp. 596-644—quoted by Thomson 1918, pp. 38-9.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 49

that all known brachiopod larve except those of Lingula
and Discina, were devoid of a mouth during their free
swimming stage which, therefore, could not be long and,
as a consequence, such species could not be distributed
across Ocean basins ; moreover the majority of brachiopods
occur on the submarine slopes of continents and adjacent
islands and such cannot cross the ocean floor where the
depth is too great. It would be of interest to know how
long the larval Lingula can live prior to settling down.
Judging from our findings regarding the distribution of
some species (e.g. L. murphiana) on the Queensland coast,
we suspect either that this period must be very short or
Ise such larve are very susceptible to temperature changes ;
while in other cases (e.g. L. hians) the larve must either be
more hardy or more long-lived and thus allow of greater
distribution to the species.

A careful examination of forms of the L. anatina type
from the East Indies (Moluccas and Timor) and from Japan
might lead to the discovery of specific differences. Yatsu
referred to variations in size in Japanese specimens, some
agreeing with L. anatina and others with ZL. murphiana.
We have found the ratio of length to breadth to be a fairly
constant character and one that can be readily utilised to
separate species which closely resemble each other in appear-
ance, e.g. L. murphiana and L. bancrofti from the Queens-
land coast. The Fijian species is not likely to be L. anatina.

Davidson gives as sizes, one inch ten lines by ten lines,
4.€., a ratio of 2.2. Yatsu’s largest specimen (1902, p. 62)
measured 45 mm. by 20 mm., i.e., a ratio of 2.25. Figures
given by Adams (1858) Chenu (p. 234, fig. 1,203),
Woodward (1910) and others, are too diagrammatic for
measurements to have much value. Francois’ figure
(1895 fig. 315) gives a ratio of about 2.2 Sowerby’s figures
show a ratio from about 2.1 to 2.4.

We think it unlikely that L. anatina (L. rostrum)
occurs on the coasts of New South Wales or of Southern
Queensland. In view of the record (if correct) of the species
from the Moluccas and Timor, its occurrence on the Northern
Australian coasts is possible. For the present it should

be struck off the list of known Australian Brachiopods.
D

50 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.
L. tumidula Reeve.

Syn. L. tumida Davidson 1852, p. 377.
L. tumida Adams 1858, p. 586.

This large species was originally described and figured
by Reeve (1841, p. 180, pl.. 125, fig. 4; 184la, p. 100
Sowerby 1846, p. 339, pl. 67, fig. 7), New Holland beiag
mentioned as the locality. In 1859 Reeve mentioned «a
few of the shell characters and figured a specimen (pl. 1,
figs. 2a 2b) from ‘“‘ Moreton Bay.” As an additional
lecality he gave Masbate, Philippine Islands, where specimens
were collected by Cuming in sandy mud at low water, these
being at first regarded by Reeve (1841a, p. 100) as belonging
to a distinct species, L. compressa, but subsequently he
considered them as a synonym or as a variety of L. tumidula
(Reeve 1859 ; Sowerby 1846, p. 339). Dall (1871, p. 156)
in referring to the species stated that, judging from Reeve’s.
figure, it differed materially from the other species figured.
by him, in the broad form, the emarginations of the beaks,
as weil as in the size and position of the muscular impress-
ions: L. compressa was mentioned as a variety from the
Philippines.* Chenu (1862, figs. 1200, 1201) republished
Reeve’s figure. Adams (1863, p. 100) referred to finding
the species in seven fathoms in mud in the Korean Archi-
pelago. A single shell was present in Adams’ original
collection when re-examined in 1871 by Davidson who gave
an account and figure of it (1871, p. 310, pl. 30, fig. 1, and
1888, p. 218, pl. 28, fig. 19). This led Dall (1873, p. 202) to
regard it as distinct from L. tumidula and he consequently
renamed Adams’ shell as L. adamsi, the name being accepted
by Davidson (1888, p. 219) who added another locality,
viz. off Formosa. The only locality given by Dall (1873)
for L. tumidula is ‘“‘ Moreton Bay’ Davidson (1888, p.
216) mentioned the Philippines as well, one of his figures
(pl. 28, fig. 14—-from Sowerby) being drawn from a Philip-
pine specimen and the other (fig. 15—copied from Reeve)
from a Queensland shell. The former was apparently not
distorted while the latter obviously was. The sizes given

*Thomson (1918, p. 43) has erroneously mentioned the Philippines
as the type locality for the species, while Davidson in 1858 (p. 377) con-
fused the two localities, giving its habitat as Masbate, New Holland.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. ODL

by him are length 2 inches 2 lines and breadth 1 inch 5
lines—the ratio thus being 1.53. These dimensions agree
with his fig. 14 (Philippine specimen—Sowerby’s figure)
which shows a ratio of 1.6. The ‘* Moreton Bay ”’ shell
figured measures about 2.2 inches but owing to distortion,
the true breadth cannot be measured. but the figure gives
a ratio of about 1.6 In Reeve’s original account (1841,
184la) the sizes are given as 2.1 inches by 1.3, the ratio
thus being 1.6.

In the Queensland Museum there are a few specimens of
L. tumidula collected by Mr. C. Hedley in the Boyne River
(Port Curtis)* and by Miss 8. Lovell at Frazer Island (Great
Sandy Island), Harvey Bay.

The species is characterised by the possession of large
thin, horny, scarcely calcified shells whose edges (especially

laterally) become curled dorsally as a result of drying7,
such dried distorted specimens resembling Davidson’s
figure (1888, pl. 28, fig. 16—from Reeve 1859, pl. 1, fig. 2b).
The colour of the Museum specimens is a dark brownish
red with very distinct black lines of growth. Reeve stated
that it was burnt olive red (1841). Davidson mentioned
that the colour was coppery brown or reddish blue, some-
times bright green near the posterior margin. We suspect
that he was referring to a Philippine form, since Sowerby’s
figure shows a brown colouration with a well defined green
band along the margin of the free extremity of the shell.
The lines of growth on our specimens are much more like
those figured by Davidson for L. adamsi (pl. 28, fig. 19)
than those figured for L. tumidula (fig. 14).

The umbones are distinct, though small, when the valves
are fairly well preserved, but in most of the specimens ex-
amined by us they were scarcely recognisable. The least
distorted of the few paired valves available measured 46
by 30.5 mm. the ratio of length to breadth thus being 1.51.

*Mr. Hedley has informed us that he found the specimen dead at low
tide on the beach at Boyne Island, immediately north of the mouth of
the Boyne River, Port Curtis.

+Reeve in his original description (1841) mentioned the irregularly
reflexed margin as being a character of the species.

a2, THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

Its outline resembled that figured by Davidson (1888, fig.
14, and Sowerby, fig. 7). Others measured 54 by 13 (ratio
1.58); 65 by 41 (1.59).

We have examined a specimen in some respects inter-
mediate between L. tumidula and L. adamsi as figured by
Davidson. Perhaps the latter may be a young form of the
Philippine L. tumidula. The proportions however are not
quite the same (ratio in L. adamsi =1.7), while the described
coloration is distinct and—judging from the figures—the
degree of calcification is different. Whether the Philip-
pine and the Queensland forms belong to distinct species
we are not at present able to definitely decide, but we are
of opinion that an examination of fresh undistorted material
from each locality would show specific differences. In
such case, Reeve’s name L. compressa would be available
for the Philippine Lingula.*

Davidson stated (p. 216) that L. tumidula was the
largest and finest recent species of the genus with which
he was acquainted, being broader in proportion than any
known recent form. Davidson’s sizes were 2.15 inches in
length and 1.4 in breadth. One valve examined by us
reached 2.6 inches in length and 1.64 in width. The
specimen which came from Hervey Bay, appears then to be
the largest recent Lingula valve of which there is any
record.

We do not know what on grounds Davidson considered
L. tumidula to be closely related to L. murphiana (1888,
p. 216). In 1879 (p. 402) he went so far as to state “ L.
tumidula and L. murphiana occur in the same locality and
are of the same colour. I often ask myself whether they
are distinct species or whether L. tumidula may not be a
very wide variety of murphiana. This is a point which
Australian zoologists must decide, as I have no opportunity
of so doing as there are only two specimens of the form

*In his original account of L. compressa Reeve (1841) gave the dimen-
gions as 1.8 and 1.1 inches respectively, the ratio thus being 1.63 The
shell was stated to be brown olive, subquadrate oval, attenuated towards
the apex, with the valves remarkably compressed and rather closely
united all round ; whereas the shell of ZL. tumidula was described as be*ng
burnt olive red in colour, subquadrate, and only slightly attenuated towards

the apex.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 53

tumidula in the British Museum ; the form murphiana is
common, I have two or three specimens.” The two species
are quite dissimilar in their shell characters (see later under
L. murphiana) and moreover, as far as we know, they do
not occur in the same locality. All early records of plants
and animals from “‘ Moreton Bay” should be critically
re-examined since the name was given, not only to the bay
in South-eastern Queensland, but also to a very large
district (the Moreton Bay District) embracing the whole
of North-eastern Australia, which became subsequently
(December, 1859) separated from New South Wales as
a distinct colony under the name of Queensland. Our
records show that L. tumidula occurs in Hervey Bay, which
is in the vicinity of the main line of junction of the Indo-
Pacific and southern elements of the Eastern Australian
fauna, Frazer Island (Great Sandy Island) forming the
boundary.

L. hirundo Reeve.

This was briefly desciibed as a little semi-transparent.
species, length 11 lines, breadth 43 inches ; with the shell
oblong square, thin, greenish, posteriorly abruptly attenu-
ated, and umbones rather sharp. (Reeve 1859, pl. 2, fig.
7; Sowerby 1846, p. 339; Davidson 1888, p. 220, pl. 28,
fig. 22). Reeve’s material came from Port Curtis.

Davidson, who published Reeve’s account and figure,
placed it among the uncertain species, though Dall (1878,
p- 203) accepted it as valid. Adams (1863, p. 101) in his
very bricf unfigured account of L. smaragdina Adams from
mud from 10 fathoms from Japan and the China Seas,
mentioned that it more closely resembled JL. hirundo.
Adams’ species was subsequently figured by Davidson
(1888, p. 220, pl. 28, fig. 25; 1875, p. 310, pl. 30, fig. 2),
but an examination of it does not show any resemblance to
L. hirundo. Davidson (1888) mentioned that the Japanese
specimens examined by him bear much resemblance to the
young of L. anatina. The ratio of length to breadth as
published for L. hirundois 2.44. Theformand proportions
do not agree with young specimens of L. bancrofti from
Burnett Head which is in the vicinity of Port Curtis,
whereas the ratio as well as the colour and shell characters

54 THE LINGULID# OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

as far as they have been noted, agree with L. hians. The
ratio of length to breadth in the case of the latter (length
1 inch 10 lines, breadth 9 lines—Davidson 1888, p. 217) is
also 2.44.

We have no hesitation in placing L. hirundo as a
synonym of L. hians and consider it to be based on young
specimens. JL. hians is definitely recorded from a number
of Queensland localities, including Port Curtis.

L. hians Swainson.
Syns.* L. hirundo Reeve, Port Curtis.
L. hians Brazier 1879, Pt. Jackson, Pt. Curtis,
Noumea.
L. hians Angas 1867, Pt. Jackson, New Cale-
donia, Fiji.
L. hians Shirley 1910, Moreton Bay.
L. rostrum Hedley 1916, in part; 1917, Pt.
Jackson.
. anatina Hedley 1916, Pt. Jackson.
. exusta Tapparone—Canefri 1873, Australia.
. anatina Francois 1891, Noumea.
. anatina Brazier 1879b, Noumea.
znatina Davidson 1888, Fiji.
Biagiad sp. Jukes 1847, Cape York.

This species was recorded from Sydney Harbour by
Angas (1867, p. 935) and Brazier (1879) and is mentioned
by Whitelegge (1889, p. 295), but Hedley, as already stated
earlier in this paper, regarded the specimens as belonging
to L. anatina (=L.rostrum). Angas gave a brief description
of the shell which was found in sandy mudin Middle Harbour,
Port Jackson, mentioning as additional localities, Fiji,
New Caledonia, China and the Philippines. Brazier (18796,
p. 402) referred to its presence in Port Curtis as well as in
Port Jackson and New Caledonia, stating (1879a, p. 390)
that L. hians was the only species found in Sydney Harbour
and was so rare that he had found only one living specimen
in 25 years’ collecting there. Thanks to the courtesy and
assistance of Mr. C. Hedley, we were able to re-examine
Brazier’s material from Noumea, and found it to be L.

*Only Australasian synonymy is eee in each case.

oO rie ns

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 595

hians. Mr. Hedley thereupon obtained from Mr. Brazier
the solitary specimen that he had collected in 1866 in five
fathoms of water off Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson,
compared it at our request with L. hians and informed us
that it, as we had suspected, belonged also to that species
as stated by Brazier (1879). We can accept the latter’s
record of L. hians from Port Curtis too.

Dr. Shirley who reported its occurrence in Moreton
Bay (1910, p. 102) kindly allowed us to see his specimens
which came from the Bribie sand banks, as well as some
from Yeppoon. Keppel Bay. We confirm his identifi-
eation. As already pointed out by us, L. hirundo Reeve
from Port Curtis is based on young specimens of L. hians.
In the Queensland Museum collection were many shells
labelled as L. hians from Moreton Bay, but on examina-
tion they were all found to be L. murphiana.

The valves of L. hians have been described by a number
of workers including Sowerby (1846, p. 338, pl. 67, fig. 4) ;
Reeve (1859, pl. 2, fig. 12a and b) ; Chenu (1862, p. 234,
fig. 1202, 1204) ; and Davidson (1886 p. 217 pl. 29 figs.
12, 13). Gratiolet (1860) referred to certain points in its
enatomy and published figures. The locality generally
given for the species is the China Seas while Dall (1873)
adds Amboyna in the Moluccas.

In the Queensland Museum collection are many speci-
mens of L. hians, two of which were in the same box as L.
exusta from Torres Straits and were presumably from that
locality. There are no data regarding the remainder,
but they are probably from Moreton Bay, since Dr. Shirley
has informed us that ZL. hians is not uncommon on certain
of the banks there.

The specimens were all characterised by a thin horny
translucent shell of a very pale green colour, with the lines
of growth sometimes of a deeper green. Occasionally one
noticed a splash of coppery or rusty tint near the middle
of the shell. The edges were almost colourless, while the
centre portion was whitish or creamy owing to calcification
in the region of the main muscle insertions. The remainder
of the shell was very little mineralised and, as a consequence,
dried specimens became more or less distorted (hence the

56 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

name hians), especially towards the umbonal end, where the
valves contracted laterally in such a way that-this portion
of each became higher, narrower and much more pointed
than under natural conditions. By placing such valves for
a few minutes in warm water, they resumed their proper
shape. All our measurements were made from specimens so
treated and subsequently carefully wiped dry. The beak
was much more pronounced on the ventral valves.

The length, breadth and ratio of length to breadth were
as follows :—ventral valves—43 mm. by 18 mm. (2.38) ;
39 by 16 (2.43) ; 42 by 17 (2.47) ; 42 by 17 (2.47) ; 47 by 19.5
(2.41) ; 42 by 17.5 (2.40) ; 42 by 17.5 (2.40) ; dorsal valves—
45 by 19 (2.37) ; 43 by 18 (2.38) ; 42 by 18 (2.33) ; 42 by 18
(2.33). Our specimens then ranged from 39 to 47 mm. in
length and 16 to 19 mm. in breadth ; the smallest ventral
valve being 39 by 16 mm., 7.e. 1.56 inch by 0.64 inch ; and
the longest 47 by 19.5 mm., 7.e., 1.88 inch by 0.78 inch.
Davidson’s sizes are 1 inch 10 lines by 9 lines, #.e., 1.83 by
0.75 inch, the ratio being 2.44. His ratio falls within the
limits observed by us for ventral valves, viz. 2.38 to 2.47.
Most of ours were about 1.7 inches long and 0.72 inch wide.

In fully relaxed specimens the sides were practically
parallel for the greater part of their length and were then
greatly attenuated towards the apex. The lines of growth
showed up quite distinctly through the very translucent
shell, if held up to the light. They were wavy and could
be readily noticed even on the inside of the shell. Davidson’s
fig. 12, pl. 29, was evidently based on a dried and rather
distorted specimen.

Tapparone-Canefri (1873, p. 255) identified as L.
exusta a shell given by Dr. J. C. Cox as L. murphit. In
the short,account, kindly transcribed for us by Mr. Chas.
Hedley, mention is made of the subrostrate apex and of
its form approaching that of L. hians from the China Seas
and that there could thus be no doubt that the shell should
be referred to L. exusta, the Australian representative of
that species. He noted, however, that the colour differed
from Reeve’s account, there being concentric zones of a
fine green colour... From these scanty remarks we think

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 57

it probable that the correct determination should be L.
hians since the remarks quoted do not apply to L. exusta
as well as they would to that species which is now known to
be so widely distributed.*

L. hians extends from the China Sea to Torres Straits,
thence down the Eastern Australian coasts to Moreton Bay
and occasionally to Port Jackson ; and also easterly to New
Caledonia. There can be little doubt but that it occurs
in suitable situations in New Guinea, the Solomons and New
Hebrides. Perhaps the Fijian L. anatina may be L. hians.

At Noumea, both ZL. hians and L. anatina have been
reported by Brazier (1879b, p. 402) and Francois (1891)
respectively. The former mentioned in an earlier paper
(1879a, p. 390) that DL. anatina was rather common in mud
flats there. His material was, as already stated, L. hians.
We have not had access to Francois’ original papers and
therefore cannot pass definite opinion regarding his identi-
fication, though we doubt the likelihood of L. anatina occur-
ing in that locality. A brief note regarding the habits of L.
hians in the China Sea was published by E. A. Smith
(1878, pp. 820-1) who stated that it lived in mud or sandy
clay at low water mark, its presence being indicated by the
occurrence of oval orifices in the mud.

The wide distribution of the species suggests that the
larva has a fairly extended life and is able to adapt itself
vo rather wide limits of temperature, since the adult occurs
in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate waters in
the Eastern Pacific.

Inngula sp.

Jukesf in his “‘ Voyage of the Fly” (1847, p. 144)
gave the following account of a Lingula occuring near Cape
York, North Queensland :—‘‘ I procured also from a muddy
bay, to the east of Evans Bay, anumber of the genus Lingula
alive. The shells lay buried in a close unctuous mud.

*Dr. J. C. Cox in his privately issued “* Exchange list of Land and
Marine Shells from Australia and the aijacent Islands” 1868, mention
is made on p. 30 of No. 456, Lingula hians Swainson, Middle Harbour
(Port Jackson)—fide Mr. C. Hedley. It was in this locality that Angas
obtained his specimens.

+We are indebted to Mr. C. Hedley for this reference.

58 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

two or three inches deep. They were always in a vertical
position, with the beak downwards. The fleshy or gelatin-
ous pedicle which passed from between the beaks was five
or six times as long as the shell and passed down into the
mud, ending in a thickened knob. These pedicles did not
appear to be attached to anything. On pulling at the
shell, a slight resistance was felt, but not more than would
be caused by the knob being drawn through the narrower
hole in which the pedicle lies.’””’ This description does not
allow one to identify the animal but the species was probably
either L. hians or L. exusta. The very long peduncle
suggests the former, since this organ is short in the latter.

Lingula murphiana King.
(Text-figure 8 ; Plate 2, figs. 5 and 6).

- Syns: JL. anatina Hancock 1858.
L. anatina Dall 1871 (in part).
L. anatina Brazier 1879a—Moreton Bay.
L. anatina Martens 1889—Peel I., Moreton
Bay. —
L. anatina Hedley 1909 (in part), Moreton
Bay.

L. rostrum Hedley 1916—Moreton Bay.
L. rostrum Thomson 1918—Moreton Bay.
L. murphiana of authors.

The species was described by Reeve (1859, pl. 1, fig. 3)
who retained the MS. name given to it by Capt. King, one
of the early explorers of Australia. Some of Reeve’s in-
formation was published by Chenu (fig. 1199, p. 233).
Davidson gave a very good account and several excellent
figures of the shell (1888, p. 215-6, pl. 29, fig. 11; pl. 30,
figs. 1-3), at the same time expressing the belief that Hancock
(1858) had described the anatomy of this species under the’
name of L. anatina and that his L. affinis was probably
L. anatina Lam. Hancock’s specimen of the former was
examined by Davidson who stated (p. 215) that its size and
colour agreed with those of L. murphiana, but that the
identity could not be settled until the animal of ZL. mur-
phiana had been again examined.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 59

Davidson’s concise account of the shell is as follows .:—
“ Shell large, squarish oblong, longer than wide, sides almost
parallel, slightly curved inwards towards the middle of
their length. Anterior edge gently rounded, with angular
projection in the middle ; beaks attenuated, that of the
ventral valve pointed and the longest. Valves about
equally convex, with a flatness commencing close to the -
beaks and extending to the front and on each side, sloping
to the lateral edges. Colour coppery red, with bands of
different shades of green and brown. In the interior of
the valves, the muscular area is white, the remainder of the
surface light and dark green. Shell structure horny and
calcareous. Length of shell 2 inches 6 lines, breadth 1 inch
1 line ; length of peduncle 63 inches.”

L. murphiana is not uncommonly found in the sandy
mud between tide marks at certain localities in Moreton
Bay, e.g., at Sandgate (to the north of the mouth of the
Brisbane River), and at Burpengary Creek, Deception
Bay.

In addition to our own material, we examined a number
of specimens belonging to the Queensland Museum collec-
tion, allfrom the same localities. Marten’s ZL. anatina from
Peel Island, Moreton Bay, almost certainly belongs to this
species which resembles L. anatina rather closely. As
already mentioned, the brachiopods from Moreton Bay
referred to under the latter name by Brazier (1879a) and
Hedley (1909), and as L. rostrum by Hedley (1916), and
Thomson (1918), belong to L. murphiana. Dall (1871, p.
55) doubted the validity of the species stating that ‘ this
species (?) much resembles L. anatina,’’ while in 1873 (p.
203) he included it as a ¢synonym of the latter, but
omitted to include Moreton Bay amongst the known
localities.

The length, breadth and ratio of length to breadth of
specimens and ventral valves examined by us, were as
follows :—59 mm. by 26, ratio 2.27 ; 59 by 26 (2.27) ; 59 by
25.5 (2.31) ; 57 by 26 (2.19) ; 57 by 25.5 (2.23) ; 57 by 25
(2.28); 57 by 25 (2.28); 55 by 26 (2.1); 54 by 24 (—a
shrunken specimen—ratio 2.25); 52 by 23 (2.26); 51 by

60 THE LINGULIDE OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

23 (2.22); 50 by 22 (2.27).* Through the kindness of
Professor Sir Baldwin Spencer F.R.S., we were able to
examine two specimens in the Melbourne University
collection (locality, ?Brisbane), measuring 58 mm. by
25 mm. (ratio 2.32), and 50 by 21 mm. (ratio 2.38) respect -
ively. Davidson mentioned as sizes 2 inches 6 lines
by. l inch 1 line, the ratio being 2.3. The ratio
of all measured specimens is then practically constant
being between 2.1 and 2.3. JL. anatina has much the same
viz. 2.2, but as already mentioned, its valves are less strongly
calcified and do not attain to the same length and breadth,,
while the outline is not so square at the free extremity.

The valves of L. murphiana are strongly calcified,
relatively thick and practically opaque. Even after pro-
longed treatment (for several weeks) in 5 per cent. acid
alcohol, they do not lose their form as a result of subsequent
drying, whereas the shell of L. bancrofti does under such
conditions. The rectangular outline has been already re-
ferred to and is well illustrated by Davidson. The entire
animal is comparatively thick and a transverse section
shows a more or less elliptical outline, there being no
depressed area on each side of the mid region of each valve.
A considerable overlap of the dorsal valve by the ventral
was commonly noticed, the amount being about two
millimetres.

The deltidial region is very well developed and the
muscle scars quite prominent, the median ridge being welt
marked especially on the dorsal valve. This was noted by
Davidson (1888, p. 211) who published excellent figures
showing the inner faces of the valves (pl. 30, figs. 1-3).
The projecting point shown in his figure (pl. 30, fig. 1) is
fairly characteristic, though not usually as sharply marked
as indicated therein. It is best seen on the dorsal valve.
The shell occasionally gapes slightly. The colouration
has been noted by Reeve and Davidson. We found, how
ever, that the amount of green present varied, but that
the coppery red tint predominated and was often blotehy.

*There is also a specimen (?locality) measuring 43.5 by 20 mm. (ratio
2.17) which may belong to L. murphiana but we are inclined to regard it
as DL. exusta.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 61

‘The entire shell may be red brown to pinkish, interspersed
with shades of green. The general colour is very like the
brown variety of L. bancroftt. There is commonly a deposit
of thick, almost black, readily removable, pigment on the
surface of the valves, especially in the vicinity of the
peduncle. The latter is rather long and fleshy, measuring
from 110 to 155 mm. in length in our preserved specimens.
A tube of sand covers only the cylindrical ampulla at its
extremity.

The sete are arranged at the free end as in JL. anatina
while the laterals are short and the postero-laterals well
marked. We were unable to detect pallial pigmentation
in our material which had been preserved several years.
Perhaps the densely calcified condition of the shell may be
correlated with the lack of pigment, if this feature be normal.
The arrangement of the musculature resembles in detail
that figured (under the name JL. anatina) by Hancock
whose excellent drawings show also the typical form of the
ccelome as seen when either the dorsal or ventral valve is
removed.

The. intestine, which is relatively wider and thinner
walled than in L. bancrofti, is thrown into a few wide loops
differing in position from those of that species and JL.
anatina. The anus lies somewhat dorsally on the right
side anteriorly to the insertion of the oblique muscles.
It is not situated on a distinct elevation and is, as a con-
sequence, inconspicuous. The liver and gonads occupy
positions as shown by Hancock. The nephridia are maroon
coloured organs, covered in greater part by the gonads.

Occasionally one notices specimens in which only a
few of the pallial sinuses branch in the manner figured by
Hancock (pl. 64, fig. 4) ; but in many cases, a fairnumber of
the most anteriorly situated vessels divide up to a cousider-
able degree, so that a plexus-like condition is seen. There
may be frequent anastomoses. Between the anterior
termination of each main sinus is a space which to the
naked eye appears as a non-vascular whitish area, on
account of the absence of prominent branches from the
inner aspect of each terminal sinus. The majority of the
outer vessels from each pallial sinus travel outwardly

62 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

almost in a straight line. The posterior pallial sinuses are
relatively large branching vessels which may be gorged with
purplish blood. A well defined visceral vessel is also at
times readily recognisable, its appearance reminding one
of that figured by Hancock (pl. 64, fig. 1).

This latter condition was not observed in any of our
specimens of L. bancrofti. The form and position of the
canals in the arms (text-figure 8) is different from that
described for the last named species. In L. murphiana
the anterior canal, as seen in section, is not circular, while
the posterior canal is less extensive, and the brachial fold
is rather thin and narrow.

The habits of LZ. murphiana as far as we know them,
resemble those of LZ. anatina and other littoral species of
Lingula.

Relationships :—Reeve (1859) remarked “‘ whether
this should be regarded as an Australian form of Lingula
anatina or as a distinct species, it is certain that the differ-
ences are obvious and constant.”? He went on to say that
all the specimens examined by him were distinguished from
L. anatina which is common in the Bay of Manila, Philip-
pine Islands, by a more square outline and a peculiarly
coppery-red tone of colour.

Davidson (1888, p. 216) referred to the shell being
wider in comparison to its length, thicker and differing in
colour. He thought it nearly allied to L. tumidula and in
a letter to Brazier (Davidson 1879, p. 402) had doubted
whether the two species were really distinct, suggesting
that as they occurred in the same Jocality and were of the
same colour, L. twmidula might be only a very wide variety
of L. murphiana. As pointed out by us when dealing
with the former, there is no resemblance either in colour,
consistency of shell, or shell proportions ; and, moreover,
they do not occur in the same locality as far as we know,
though the name ** Moreton Bay ”’ was stated as the locality
in each case. We have mentioned elsewhere the likeli-
hood of confusion between Moreton Bay, an inlet in the
south-eastern corner of Queensland, and Moreton Bay,
the district which subsequently became the colony of
Queensland,

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 63

Blochmann (1900, pp. 94-5; quoted by Yatsu 1902)
enumerated several distinguishing characters separating
this species from L. anatina, but Yatsu believed the mode
of branching to be the only reliable criterion, considering
the remaining points to be mere individual differences.
He found that Japanese forms, regarded as L. anatina
varied in their proportions of length, breadth, and thickness
so that some agreed with L. anatina and others with L.
murphiana. We regret that we have not been able to
consult Blochmann’s paper either in Brisbane or Sydney.

L. exusta Reeve.
Syns :—L. anatina Hedley 1898, Brit. New Guinea
L. anatina Banfield 1918, Dunk I., N.Q.
L. exusta Tapparone-Canefri, 1873.

The best account is that published by Davidson (1888,
p. 217-8, pl. 28, figs. 20, 21, 21a), the original being very
short (Reeve 1859, pl. 2, fig. 9; Sowerby, 1846, p. 339).
Reeve considered it related to L. hians and thought that it
was perhaps the Australian representative of that species.
The description given by Davidson is as follows :—*‘ Shell
oblong, much longer than wide, a little broader anteriorly ;
sides almost subparallel, slightly curved inwards near the
middle of their length ; front line very gently curved, with
a projecting angle in the middle. Valves convex, beaks
obtusely angular, surface smooth, shining, darkish coppery
yellow-brown, especially towards the lateral and frontal
margins. Length of shell 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 8 lines.”
The ratio of length to breadth is then 2.37. The only
.ocality mentioned for the species is ‘‘ Moreton Bay.’’
Davidson remarked that he had seen a number of specimens
and that they all presented the same shape and marked
dark colour. In addition to republishing Reeve’s figure,
he illustrated a shell from the British Museum collection
(pl. 28, fig. 21, 21a), the locality being given as Moreton
Bay.

We have examined a number of valves belonging to
the Queensland Museum, collected by Hartmann in Torres
Straits. These agree with Davidson’s:account and figure.
The shell is strongly calcified especially when adult, main-
taining its form when dry. In these two points the species

64 THE LINGULID& OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

is quite distinct from L. hians. Though its proportions
may approximate those of the latter, the consistency and
colour of the valves are more suggestive of L. anatina.
There is usually a very deep green margin and a green tinge
is common throughout the shell, especially in its anterior
half. Sometimes a distinct metallic appearance is visible
on parts of the valves. This has been referred to by Reeve
as a peculiar coppery redness which assumes in this
species * a dark, shining, swarthy tone of colour.” This is
at times very evident in old specimens, especially anteriorly
and around the margiis, when the green colour then becomes
much less noticeable. The muscle impressions are very
obvious.

L. exusta is the smallest species known from the Queens-
land coast.. The following is a list of measurements (length,
breadth and ratio of length to breadth) made by us from
odd valves: ventral valves—37 mm. by 15 mm. (2.46) ;
34 by 13.5 (2.52) ; 32 by 13 (2.46) ; 32.5 by 13.5 (2.41) ;
dorsal valves—31 by 14 (2.21) ; 31 by 13 (2.38). Occasion-
ally the free margin was the widest portion of the shell.

There is in the Queensland Museum collection a specimen
collected by C. J. Wild, at Port Douglas, North Queensland,
measuring 42 mm. by 19 mm., the ratio being 2.2. It has
a strongly calcified shell, brownish and greenish in colour,
with the sides practically parallel. Its general appearance
agrees sufficiently closely with that of L. exusta, though
in some points it suggests L. murphiana.

Owing to the kindness of Professor $8. J. Johnston,
of the Zoology Department, University, Sydney, we were
able to examine two specimens of Lingula which Professor
W. A. Haswell, F.R.S., informed us were given to him in
1883, by Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods. The latter said that
these had been obtained in Port Jackson. They proved
to be L. exusta. Their measurements were as follows :
length 37 and 34 mm. ; breadth 14.5 and 14 mm. ; peduncle
42 and 37 mm. respectively. The ratios of length to breadth
were thus 2.55 and 2.43. The well calcified valves had a
slight coppery appearance but were yellowish and greenish
towards the free end which was slightly widened and bore
a small but distinctgmedian prominence. They curved

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 65

gently on each side from the midline so that the cavity of
the shell was comparatively deep, as in L. murphiana.
The anterior sete were seen to be arranged in three groups
as in L. anatina. The brownish peduncle terminated in
a small ampullary region enclosed in a sandy tube about 5.
mm. long. Since Tenison-Woods collected extensively in
Northern Queensland, and seeing that all definitely known
Australian localities for the species are in that region, it
is quite probable that confusion in regard to localities
has arisen. We feel justified in declining to recognise
Port Jackson as a habitat, Prof. Haswell agreeing with
our action in this matter.

K. J. Banfield in his recent book “ Tropic Days ”
1918, pp. 106-7) referred to the occurrence of a Lingula
én Dunk Island, to the north of Rockingham Bay, North
Queensland. ‘* In the mud close to the edge of the beach
sand one of the most singular of marine animals exists
and often its empty, horny, flexible semitransparent shell
always tinted green, may be found. It is known in some
works as Lingula anatina, and by the natives of this Isle,
by whom a certain part is eaten, as ‘* Mill-ar-ing.’ A
pinhole in the mud indicates the presence of the animal
and the hungry black boy, thrusting his hand with out-
spread fingers below it, closes the fingers and withdraws
anything but an inviting morsel. To the tongue-shaped
shell is attached a pedicle or stalk, attaining a length of
ten inches, opaque and tough, which is broken off, seared
over the fire, and eaten with apparent relish. It is remark-
able that in localities where this mollusc is found, a seaweed
occurs similar in shape and size, the chief difference in >
appearance being in the length of the stalk which in the
plant is thin and membranous.” (? Halophila ovata T.H.J.).

The “empty horny, flexible, semitransparent shell,
always tinted green ”’ suggested L. hians, but in answer
to our request for specimens, Mr. Banfield kindly sent down
a goodly number collected in a few minutes in sandy mud
near Brammo Bay, Dunk Island. The species has been
determined by us as L. exusta. Either L. hians occurs in
addition, or the above remarks regarding shell characters
relate to young specimens of JL. exusta which are rather

difficult to distinguish from L. hians. The adults are quite
E

66 THE LINGULID& OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

distinct and readily separable. Three young animais all with
rather thin, horny, semitransparent valves through which
the viscera, pallial pigmentation and pallial sinuses could
be seen, were found to measure 26 mm. by 12.5 mm. (ratio
2.08) ; peduncle 35 mm. ; 29.5 by 14.5 (ratio 2.03) ; 32 by
14.5 (ratio (2.20) ; peduncle 32 mm., this specimen showing
the presence of dark green pigment at the free extremities
while the rest of the valves was yellowish brown, the shell
being more calcified than those of the other two just referred
to. Eight others, all adults with strongly calcified valves,
were measured :—38 by 16. 5 (ratio 2.30) ; 39 by 17.5 (2.23) ;
39 by 18 (2.17) ; 40.5 by 18.5 (2.19) ; 40.5 by 19 (2.13) ;
41.2 by 19.5 (2.22) ; 42 by 17.7 (2.37) ; 42 by 19.2 (2.3).
The contracted peduncle in this species is small, ranging
up to 70 mm. but usually much shorter. All adults ex-
amined showed the same general colouration—a very
dark green pigmentation, especially towards the free ex-
tremities, with green, golden and pale yellowish areas
elsewhere. Occasionally a coppery tint was to be observed.
The form of young shells was practically elliptical though
somewhat broadened anteriorly, while that of adults was
more rectangular with the sides subparallel and corners
obtusely rounded, the anterior border possessing. a well
marked median prominence. Hrosion of valves was com-
monly seen. The ratio of length to breadth varies within
considerable limits even in adults. Young forms are
relatively broader. Since these measurements were made
from preserved animais, they are more likely to be correct
than those previously given, based on separated valves.
The ranges of sizes in the two cases overlap, however, the
ratios varying from 2.03 to 2.20 in young transparent
forms, 2.13 to 2.37 in preserved adults ; and 2.37 to 2.52
in the case of separated ventral valves. No doubt amongst
the latter there has been a slight lateral contraction owing
to drying, and this would cause the shell to appear longer
and the ratio greater.

Since this paper was practically completed before Mr.
Banfield’s specimens arrived, we have not included an
account of the anatomy of L. exusta. The pallial pigmen-
tation is very heavy and is characteristically arranged

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD 67

being intermediate between that figured by Morse (figs
10 and 11) for Lingula sp. from Nagasaki, Japan, and that
for L. anatina.

Mr. Hedley sent us a small specimen collected at Fyfe
Bay near the south-eastern corner of British New Guinea
(Lat. 10° 35’8., Long. 150° E.) and recorded by him as J..
anatina (1898, p. 369). It measured 34 by 14.5 mm. (ratio
2.34) and had a small peduncle 28 mm. long. The shell
characters were those of a young L. exusta.

As already mentioned when dealing with L. hians,
Tapparone Canefri identified an Australian specimen sent
by Dr. Cox under the name of L. murphit as being L.
exusta, but we believe it to have been L. hians.

Lingula bancrofti n.sp.
(Text-figures 1-7; pl. I, figs. 1-4).

Representatives of this new species were collected by
Dr. T. L. Bancroft and Miss M. J. Bancroft in December,
1916-January, 1917, at Burnett Head. They obtained
their specimens by digging a large hole in the wet sand
and then picking out Lingula, Thalassema and other
invertebrates as the sides of the excavation fellin. By this
means several very small brachiopods were gathered. We
subsequently visited the locality on different occasions
during 1918 and obtained additional material. Two dead
Lingulas collected by Miss G. James on Pialba beach to
the southward, belonged to the same species. No doubt
L. bancrofti will be found to occur on many of the same mud
flats on the shores of Hervey Bay, of which Burnett Head
constitutes one boundary.*

This Lingula was met with at the Head in a portion of
a bay-like area, exposed at low tides, and partly enclosed
by the breakwater on the southern side of the entrance to
the Burnett River. Its presence was detected by the
occurrence of slit-like apertures in the mud from about
ten yards from high water mark down to the furthermost
limit of low tide. The animal appeared to be sociai in habit.
It is worthy of note that the mud-inhabiting crabs were

*Miss James has forwarded others collected at Torquay and Urangan,
on the coast of Hervey Bay (June, 1919).

68 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

absent from the places where Lingula was plentiful though
they were very abundant on other portions of the sand-mud
beach. As Lingula was found to be very common in a gutter
which contained water, while the banks were exposed,
observations on its habits were made. In such a situation
the brachiopods could be located owing to the reflection
of light from the waving sete projecting just above the
surface of the mud. The sete and the rounded portion of
extremity of the valves could be protruded above the
surface of the mud, so that about inch of shell projected
under favourable conditions. The habits were similar to
those described for L. anatina.

A few specimens were obtained in rather soft mud,
but nearly all were collected in muddy sand. A greenish
form was more common where the beach was rather muddy,
while a brownish variety was commoner where the ground
was more sandy, but both kinds were in abundance in a
little gutter.

The shell corresponds rather closely with the account
of that of ZL. anatina given by Davidson (1888, p. 207),
Gratiolet (1860, p. 52, figs. 1 and 2) and Reeve (1895, pl. 2,
fig. 10). Some dried specimens which had been previously
preserved in spirit, coincide with certain of Sowerby’s
figures of L. anatina (figs.9 and 10). Occasionally the valves
are slightly wider near the beak than more distally. They
are approximately equally convex and possess a ridge on
their inner surfaces. The ventral valve extends slightly
beyond the dorsal at the distal free pallial edge. The shell
is quite smooth, though the lines of growth are readily
noticed. Umbones are distinct.

The angles of the valves project so that the free
extremity is rather squared, although there is often a slight
median prominence. The shape of this portion is more
like that figured by Sowerby’s (figs. 9 and 10) for the dark
and brown varieties of ZL. anatina than his fig. 2 and 3,
although occasionally that shape is to be seen too. The
free end is rounded in very young specimens. The general
colour is like that of L. anatina (Davidson, Reeve). In
some the prevailing tint is distinctly brown, in others brown
with some green, in others bright green with some brown.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 69

None were found to be entirely brown though that colour
predominates in the thicker parts of the shell of all
specimens and in preserved material tends to become
dominant. Sometimes the colour is almost a pure pale
green, but brown tints are visible in the central portion of
the valves. Longitudinal lines and also lines of growth
are readily seen in decalcified valves.

Morse (p. 320) in speaking of L. anatina from Japanese
waters mentioned that he found a proportion of the shells
thickened, discoloured and eroded, forming a marked con-
trast to other specimens, equally large, but with clear green
shells, thinner in texture and more perfect in condition.
He believed that the animals with rougher and thicker
valves were probably a year or more older than the others.
We found such eroded thicker shells amongst the rather
chinner shelled forms.

Our smallest specimens measure 10.5 by 5.0 mm. with
a peduncle of 100 mm. long, the ratio of the length of the
ventral valve to its breadth being 2.1; 13.5 by 6.4 mm.
(ratio 2.11), peduncle 20 mm. ; 12 by 5.6 (ratio 2.14) ; 20.5
by 10 (ratio 2.05), peduncle 35 mm. ; 21.0 by 10.8 (ratio
almost 2); 23 by 11 (ratio 2.1). Many of the collected
specimens measured about 41 mm. in length by 20.5 mm.
in breadth (ratio 2.0). A few large forms with thickened
shell and light coppery tint reminding one of L. murphiana,
measured 50 by 24 mm. (ratio 2.08). Another with a typical
greenish shell not specially thickened had the same measure-
ments. Of the 45 adults measured, 29 were between 40
and 50 millimetres in length, 35 were between 32 and
48 mm. The majority were between 43 and 46 mm.
Thirty-eight had a breadth ranging between 20 and 24 mm.
We find that the ratio of length to breadth is a very useful
character in distinguishing Lingulids, being, at least in
some species, a comparatively constant feature. Out of
the 45 specimens measured, in two cases it was 1.9 ; in 19,
2.0°; 14, 2:1 ; 6) 2.2): 3, 2.3 7 while in one it was 2.4) The
average was 2.08. In 33 the ratio was between 2.0 and 2.1.
In the longest specimen it was 2.08. Even in all the young
animals measured it was found to range between 2.0 and
2.14. Owing to the horny nature of the edges, the sides of

70 THE LINGULIDH OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

the valves may undergo some distortion during drying.
All the foregoing measurements, however, were taken from
preserved animals.

The sizes mentioned and the figures published for Z.
anatina by Davidson, Yatsu and others show a ratio of 2.2.
Sowerby’s fig. 3, has a ratio of 2.4, while figs. 9 and 10
(brown and dark varieties respectively) show a ratio of 2.1.
L. bancroftti then can usually be distinguished from ZL.
anatina, which it closely resembles in most of its shell
characters, by its 1atio of length to breadth being rather
less. 7.e., the shell is relatively somewhat broader. Sowerby’s
figs. 9 and 10 are very suggestive of our species.

In L. murphiana, the other Queensland species with
which the shell might be confused, the ratio is about 2.3,
and, moreover, the adult shell is longer, thicker, more
mineralised and the coppery colour more pronounced.
Besides, just distally from the umbones, a section of the
paired valves is more rounded than in L. bancrofti, a de-
pressed area being present on each side of the mid-region
of the valve in the latter species. There are also. marked
anatomical differences to be noted later.

The proportions correspond with those of L. jaspidea,
viz., 2.0, and L. reevei, 2.1 (Davidson pl. 28, fig. 23, 24 and
fig. 18 respectively), but the form is quite different in the
three species. In young individuals the shell is sufficiently
transparent to allow one to see the arms,«pallial sinuses,
nephridia, rectum, liver and muscle impressions. The
anatomy of small and medium sized specimens can be easily
studied in Canada balsam after prolonged decalcification
in rather strong acid acohol (70 per cent. alcohol with 3
per cent. HC1.) followed by gradual dehydration and clear-
ing in clove oil. The use of a weak solution of Ehrlich’s
or Delafield’s hematoxylin followed by careful and pro-
longed decolorisation, gives a very good result.

The muscle scars are arranged as in L. anatina. No
marked submarginal scar for the insertion of the sete
musculature was recognised. King (p. 12, fig. 5) did not
observe it in L. anatina. The deltidial region (text-figure
6) resembles in most details that described by this author
for L. anatina.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 71

The pallial pigment is constant in position (text-figure
' 5), resembling somewhat that figured by Morse (pl. 52,
fig. 10) for the Japanese L. anatina. Sometimes the pig-
mentation is not so heavy and consequently not so evident

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72 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

but the general disposition of the patches is constant.
Morse believed the arrangement to be of specific value. We
agree with his suggestion (p. 349) that these areas are prob-
ably sensitive to light. They are restricted to those portions
of the pallium lying in the translucent region of the shell
which can be projected above the surface of the sand.

The peduncle is highly contractile (text-figure 2). In
life the centre is creamy in colour but has a tinge of pink
after preservation. The horny envelope is quite trans-
parent. The whole peduncle and also its inner muscular
portion gradually become narrowed as they pass back from
the insertion into the ventral valve, being narrowest just in
front of the ampulla where the stalk widens as a*thin walled
organ. The horny layer of the anterior part of the ampulla
is considerable thickened. Surrounding the ampulla is a
tube of agglutinated sand grains. The structure of the
peduncle is like that described by Gratiolet (1860, pp. 63-
70) and King (1873, p. 14).

The arrangement of the sete resembles that in L.
anatina (Morse pl. 40, fig. 16 ; Francois 1891, 1895, fig. 315),
the median and anterior clusters projecting freely, the
lateral setze only slightly, while the posterior cluster is very
distinct on each side. Rather long setze surround the base
of the peduncle. The anterior lateral setz are very long
in young specimens (text-figure 1), measuring as much as
3.5 mm.inaform12mm.long. In the lateral and posterior
setze which are doubtless the organs by which Lingula
climbs up its tube, one notices a strongly marked alter-
nation of brown and colour‘ess regions, particularly in the
basal portion of each seta.

In L. bancroftt the pallial sinuses resemble those

figured by Hancock* (pl. 64, fig. 3) for L. anatena except
that there is commonly a certain amount of branching of

the most anterior channels and, at times, of some of the
laterals also. Gratiolet published figures (pl. 7, fig. 1;
p. 89. fig. 15) showing occasional branching of the anterior
pallial sinuses in LD. anatina, such a condition being also’
indicated in one of his figures of L. hians (pl. 9 fig. 1). In
L. affinis the sinuses are few and branch in a marked manner

*Hancock’s L. anatina is not L. anatina Lam. but L. murphiana.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 73

(Hancock, pl. 66, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; Davidson pl. 29, fig. 9). The
arrangement in New Caledonian specimens of L. anatina
is shown in Francois’ figure (1895, p. 315) as being simple ;
likewise also in Woodward’s figures. Occasionally the
terminal portions of the sinuses in L. bancroftt are somewhat
swollen, resembling the condition figured by Gratiolet (p. 89,
fies = pl. 8: fig. 1).

The posterior pallial sinus on each side is inconspicuous
and bears very short branches since this region of the body
is very narrow owing to there being little room between
the oval perivisceral cavity and the lateral edge of the body.
In ZL. anatina and L. murphiana there is a considerable
space in this position on each side and the posterior sinus
is consequently large and gives off numerous short branches
(Francois, King, Gratiolet, Hancock). The structure of a
branch of the anterior sinuses is like that described and
figured by Morse (p. 351, pl. 53, fig. 4), the ciliate ridge
dividing the channels or lacune being rather wide and
shallow.

The arms or brachia do not call for comment. They
are pearly, whereas in L. anatina Morse states (p. 332)
that they are pure white with a border and collar of a dark
brown and the sides of the cirri also-brown. Though this
author recorded that the arms could be protruded to a
considerable distance beyond the shell (pl. 40, fig. 17), we
did not observe such action, some of the cirri being the only
projecting structures. Yatsu (p. 64) reported that the
Japanese L. anatina could project only the comb-like row
of cirri of the largest whorl of the arm, the tip of the brach-
ium being always retained within the mantle cavity.

If a section be cut across an arm (text-figure 7), the
anterior canal (which is circular in section) is seen to be
comparatively large while the posterior canal is long and
very narrow, lying just below the surface. The brachial
fold is prominent. The general appearance is like that of
L. anatina as figured by Gratiolet and that given by Hancock
for his L. anatina (pl. 65, fig. 7) whichis really L. murphiande

We have compared the muscular system with the
available accounts given for L. anatina and L. lepidula,
but have not been able to consult Blochmann’s important
paper on the subject (1900).

74 THE LINGULIDA OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

The anterior occlusors (central muscles of King and
Davidson), as seen on removing the dorsal valve, are rela-
tively larger and more distin tly pyriform than they are in
‘L. anatina, while the anteriorly directed narrow portion of
each approximates its fellow so that a very narrow interval
separates them from each other and from the hinder border
of the lateralis muscles (anterior laterals of King and David-
son). These anterior occlusors are relatively larger than
those of L. lepidula (Morse, pl. 48, fig. 2) and of about the
same relative size as those of L. affinis, but they approach
each other more closely in L. bancrofti than in the last-
named species. The lateralis is relatively smaller than in
L. anatina (Hancock, Woodward, King) and L. lepidula
(Morse). The posterior occlusor (umbonal) muscle is well
developed and is circular or elliptical in outline.

If the ventral valve be removed the appearance of the
muscular system is somewhat like that figured by Hancock
(pl. 64, fig. 2) for his L. anatina (whichis really L. murphiana)
except that the posterior lateral pallial region is much
narrower and the lateralis better deve’oped in L. bancroftt.
In the latter the internal oblique (transmedian of King
and Davidson) is more powerful and covers the posterior
parts of the nephridium, while the anteriorly situated band
of its divided fellow of the opposite side is considerably
wider than the posteriorly directed portion, reminding one
of the condition figured by Gratiolet (p. 77, fig. 11) for L.
anatina, and by Morse (pl. 48, fig. 2) for L. lepidula. In
L. affinis they are subequal (Hancock, pl. 65, fig. 2).

The mouth, an elongate aperture with a _ crenate
border, leads into an cesophagus which is thick walled,
especially near the mouth and in the vicinity of the insert-
ion of the mesentery. The stomach is more marked than
in Hancock’s figure (pl. 65, fig. 4) but less pronounced than
in L. lepidula (Morse pl. 47, figs. 5 and 6). The gastric
or stomachal glands (“‘ liver ’’ or hepatic diverticula) occupy
a great deal of the perivisceral ccelome, the dorsal portion
being more extensive than the ventral. The straight
intestine proceeds posteriorly in line with the cesophagus
and stomach, but just in front of the umbonal muscle it
becomes bent forwards on the left side sometimes reaching

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 75

the ventral lobe of the liver. In young specimens (text-
figure 1) it then bends backwards to travel between the
straight intestine and the first loop, or else above the straight
intestine (¢.e., on the left side of the ccelome). It then
crosses above the latter to travel obliquely forward to
terminate at the arms on the right side. In adult animals
(text-figure 3) the intestine appears to have elongated to a
much greater extent than the ccelome and as a consequence
has become thrown into a pronounced loop which is barely
indicated in young specimens. The tube after reaching the
vicinity of the liver forms a large open loop extending
dorsally into the right side of the ccelome above the
straight intestine and commonly above the rectum also,
returning to the left side to form another loop before con-
tinuing as the rectum which has the same relative position
asin young animals. The coiling of the intestine resembles
that described by Gratiolet for L. hians (fig. 19, p. 138)
rather than that figured for L. anatina (Woodward), and
L. affinis (Hancock, pl. 65, fig. 4). In these two species
the loops are closer, the coils forming a loose ball. In the
adult of L. bancrofti the coiling is intermediate between
the condition seen in L. hians and L. anatina.

The intestine, stomach and gastric glands of several
small specimens which had been cleared and mounted were
found to be filled with the valves of a number of different
genera of diatoms. The contents of the posterior half of
the intestine were arranged in more or less rounded fecal
pellets in which diatoms could be seen.

In a young decalcified specimen in a position similar
to that in which Morse found an otocyst in L. lepidula
(pl. 47, figs. 5 and 6) we observed a small spherical organ
0.15 mm. in diameter. This otocyst was situated just
behind the occlusor and laterally from the stomach. Morse
noted its presence in L. anatina also (p. 348) but mentioned
that he had not been able to see them in any Lingulas
preserved in alcohol. We observed them in only two out
of several submitted to microscopical examination.

The gonads are obvious structures in adults but are
not recognisable in our smallest specimens. They occupy

76 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

positions similar to those of L. anatina, the ovary being
pale brownish and the spermary whitish or faintly pinkish..

The glandular portion of each nephridium is flattened.
and brightly coloured—red brown to deep orange—especially
towards the nephrostome, shading into a pale yellow towards.
its outer opening (text-figures 3 and 4). This coloured.
part can be readily seen through the valves in most specimens
the colour persisting in specimens which had been over two
years in alcohol and formalin. In L. anatina it is marked by
dark maroon lines (Morse p. 361). In one of our specimens,,
a young adult, a few deeper coloured longitudinal lines were:
noticed, but whether they were merely accidental folds.
or not we are unable to say. There is a sharp line of demar-
cation between the coloured glandular nephridium and its
colourless nephrostome, a deep constriction separating the
two. The latter, which is about a millimetre in diameter,.
in a specimen 35 mm. long, is intermediate in form between
those of L. anatina and L. lepidula as figured by Morse
(pl. 54, fig. 11; pl. 55, fig. 1). The margin is simple and
the rim is bent over outwardly, one part of the rim being
confluent with the body wall. The vessels in the wall
of the nephrostome stain readily with hematoxylin.

A characteristic difference between ZL. bancrofts and
most other species whose anatomy is known, relates to the
form of the perivisceral coelome as seen when either valve
is removed. If one compares its shape (figs. 2 and 3 and
text-figure 1) with the figures of Z. anatina (King, figs. 1
and 2; Gratiolet, fig. 11; Hancock, pl. 64, figs. 1 and 2
=L. murphiana) and L. affinis (Hancock, pl. 66, fig. 1),
it will be noted that the portion of the body cavity lying
posteriorly to a line joining the insertions of the oblique
muscles is greatly narrowed in the two species referred to,
particularly when viewed from the dorsal surface. Con-
sequently the oblique muscles and the nephridia lie in a
wide celomic bay. In L. bancrofti the sides of the body
wall do not project inwards to the same degree, the curvature
being much more gradual. In this respect it is rather like
L. lepidula where it is almost circular according to Morse.
In the Burnett species it is a short oval if viewed in its mid

BY. T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 77

horizontal region, since the lateral projections do not involve
this portion but cover the dorsal and ventral postero-
lateral edges as a thin sheet. We have used the term
“* perivisceral ccelome ”’ widely so as to include the peri-
gastric cavity. The periesophageal cavity does not call
for comment.

L. bancrofti is closely related to both L. murphiana
and L. anatina (L. rostrum). Type specimens have been
deposited in the collections of the Queensland Museum,
Brisbane, and the Australian Museum, Sydney.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Our brief acquaintance with the Lingulidz has led us
to regard the following features as being of value for specific
determination. Shell characters :—Opacity or transparency
of the adult shell ; degree and extent of calcification ; general
form of valves ; convexity of valves ; ratio of length to
breadth ; maximum length; character of the umbonal
regions ; presence or absence of well marked median ridges
on the valves internally ; prevailing colour. Anatomical
characters :—shape of ccelome ; arrangement of musculature ;
disposition of setz ; branching of pallial sinuses ; pigment-
ation of pallium ; shape of nephrostome ; coiling of intestine.
The peduncular length should also be noted.

The Queensland species fall into four groups, (a) L
tumidula, (b) L. hians, (c) L. murphiana and L. banerofti
which resemble L. rostrum in general appearance, (d) L.
exusta which reminds one of a small and very narrow L.
rostrum.

Key to Queensland. species of Lingula, based on shell
characters :—
1. Breadth of valves Lana more than half
the length; shell thin, reddish brown........ L. tumidula

2. breadth of shel] not more than half length, shell
greenish or copper coloured............00. 3

3. a. valves very thin, horny, readily distorted so
that beaks become very prominent in dried

78 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COASTY

specimens, shell translucent, colour pale green
and) ‘bright SECM . 2 .ts cise loi eloe «leer ebetelste drt etait L. hians

b. valves more or less calcified, maintaining
form more or less completely. ............ 4

4. a. large opaque strongly calcified valves of pale
or coppery red colour, ratio of length to breadth
2.2 to 2.3—no depression on either side of mid-
h}1( eas ROR BAR GCC OaOCOO CODED OOS cocc ce oe L. murphiane

b. fairly large shells, well calcified, translucent at
free end, greenish or copper coloured, slight
depression on either side of midline, ratio —
generally <2:0—2.0 "9 2.350 cco selene L. bancrofte

c. Shell small, narrow, valves generally dark
green at free extremity, rest may be coppery
in tint, free extremity rather squared with median
prominence, ratio of length to breadth variable,
er PAK OMA ELEN WS! 8) Boge BS aapuC od oGbralocmcc DL. exusta.

Thomson (1918, p. 51) in referring to the distribution
of Brachiopods in the Southern Hemisphere, stated that, if
we exclude deep sea forms, there were few species common
to the Southern and Northern Seas and that in the case of
Lingula and of Platidia, the identifications of the southern
forms were in need of confirmation. In the list of five such
species mentioned by him are three of Lingula, viz., L.
rostrum from Moreton Bay, the Indian Ocean and Japan ;
L. hians from Port Jackson and the China Sea ; L. tumidula
from Moreton Bay and the Philippines. We have shown
that there is no undoubted record of L. rostrum (L. anatina)
from Australia ; that ZL. hians is widely distributed in north .
eastern Australia and adjacent islands ; and that L. tumidula
occurs in Hervey Bay and is probably quite distinct from
the Philippine species L. compressa.

The following table represents an attempt to show the
relationships of different species in various Eastern Pacific
regions. We think that a comparison of the East Indian
and Japanese L. rostrum with the Philippine typical form
should be carefully made—hence our query regarding such
identifications.

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 79

Australasia | E. Indies Philippines S. Japan
L. hians L. hians ? ?
L. murphiana |
| ? L. rostrum L. rostrum ? L. rostrum
L. bancrofti

L. tumidula ? L. compressa L. adamsi
L. exusta ? ? ?
SUMMARY.

1. There are at least five species of Lingula known

from the Eastern Australian coast :

(a) L. hians Swainson—Torres Straits ; Keppel Bay ;
Port Curtis ; Moreton Bay ; ?Cape York ; also from
Sydney Harbour as an extremely rare animal.—
(New Caledonia).

(6) L. murphiana King—Moreton Bay.

(d) L. exusta Reeve—Torres Straits ; Dunk Is., N.Q.—
(British New Guinea).

(ec) L. tumidula Reeve—Hervey Bay; Port Curtis.
This is probably not a littoral species but an
inhabitant of comparatively shallow waters,

2. There are no undoubted records of L. anatina (i.e.,
L. rostrum) from Australian waters.

3. The ratio of length to breadth is fairly constant for
the species. In the case of ventral valves of adults of
Australian Lingulids they are as follows :—L. hians 2.3 to
2.47, variable; DL. murphiana 2.2 to 2.3 (practically the
same as L. anatina, 2.2); L. bancrofti 2.0 to 2.1; L. exusta
2.2 to 25, variable ; L. tumidula apparently about 1.5 to
1.6.

80 THE LINGULIDZ OF THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

We desire to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr.
H. A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum, for
permission to examine the collection under his care: Dr.
T. L. Bancroft, Miss M. J. Bancroft and Mr. E. J. Banfield,
for supplies of brachiopods ; and especially to Mr. Chas.
Hedley, Assistant Curator of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, for his kindness in supplying information from
many sources which were either unknown or inaccessible
to us, and in forwarding for our examination specimens
from New Guinea, New Caledonia, ete. The figures on
plates I and II were drawn by Mr. Hubert Jarvis, Assist-
ant Entomologist, Brisbane.

LETTERING AND EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Text-figures 1-7, L. bancrofti, fig. 8 L. murphiana. All except text-

figure 5 are from camera lucida drawings.

1. L. bancrofti, young specimen 13.5 mm. Jong, stained and viewed
from ventral aspect as a transparent object.

2. part of peduncle of specimen shown in fig. 1 (full length 20 mm).

3. part of celome showing anatomy.

4. nephrostome and portion of nephridium.

5. free extremity of pallium of a small adult, to show arrangement of
pigment (freehand sketch).

6. deltidium.

7. T.S. brachium (basal portion) of LZ. bancrofti.

8. T.S. brachium of L. murphiana.

Puate 1. L. bancrofti.
Fig. 1. view of entire adult animal.
2. dorsal do. do. do, dorsal valve removed.
3. ventral do. do. do. ventral valve removed.
4, view of entire adult animal, pallium reflected, to show brachia
pigmentation of pallium, pallial sinuses, etc.

Puate 2. L. murphiana.
Fig. 5. dorsal view of animal, dorsal valve removed.
6. ventral do do ventral do do.

REFERENCES TO LETTERING ON TEXT-FIGURES AND PLATES.

a., anus; a.c., anterior canal of brachium ; 6.c., base of cirrus; b.f.,
brachial fold ; br., brachium ; c., cirrus; c.w., coelomic wall; d., deltidium
crossed by alternating pale and yellowish-brown bands; d.c., deltidial
callosities on deltidial ridges ; d./., dorsal portion of “‘ liver” ; d.r., deltidial
ridge ; e.c., efferent canal of cirrus ; f., fecal] pellet ; g., gonad ; int., intestine ;
1.i., ‘‘lineated impression’ (of King), marking position of anterior end of

on, a

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND OTTO S. HIRSCHFELD. 81]

horny layer of peduncle : /.m., lateralis muscle ; m., muscle ; m.p., muscul-
ature of peduncle; n., nephridium ; nst., nephrostome: 0.m.e., external
oblique muscle ; 0.m.7., internal obliqte muscle ; 0.m.m., median oblique
muscle; oc.m., occlusor (anterior occlusor) muscles; 0c.m.e., external
occlusor ; 0¢.m.i., internal occlusor ; of., otocysé; .c., posterior canal of
brachium ; p.v.c., pervisceral ccelome ; s.7., straight portion of intestine ;
u.m., umbonal (posterior occlusor) muscle ; v./., ventral portion of “‘liver”’;
v.v., ventral valve; 2., marks limits of aperture through which the
peduncle passes to its insertion into the ventral valve.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1858 Apams, A. Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. 2 (plates vol. 3) 1858.

1863 Apams, A. On the genera and species of recent Brachiopoda found
in the Seas of Japan. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. 11, 1863, pp.
98-101.

1867 Ancas, G. F. A list of species of marine mollusca found in Pt.
Jackson, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, pp. 912-935.

1918 BanrieLp, E. J. ‘‘ Tropic Days.” Fisher Unwin, London, 1918.

1900 BrocumMann, F, Untersuchungen uber den Bau der Brachiopoden,
pt. 2., Jena, 1900, pp. 69-124 (not available).

1879a Brazier, J. Synonymy of and remarks upon Port Jackson, New
Caledonian and other shells, etc., P.L.S., N.S.W., ser. 1., 4, 1879
(1880) pp. 388-392.

18796 Brazier, J. List of Brachiopoda or lamp shells found in Port
Jackson and the coast of New South Wales. P.L.S., N.S.W.,
ser. 1., 4, 1879 (1880) pp. 399-403.

1867 Curenu, J. C. Manuel de Conchyiologie, vol. 2., 1862.

1871 Dati, W. H. Amer. Jour. Conch. 6, 1871 (p. 156).

1873 Dati, W. H. Catalogue of the recent species of the class Brachio-
poda, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad. 1873, pp. 177-204 (Lingulide,
pp. 202-4).

1852 Davinson, T. Sketch of a classification of recent Brachiopoda, ete.
Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist., 9, 1852 (Lingula, p. 377).

1871 Davinson, T. On Japanese recent Brachiopoda, P.Z.8., 1871, pp.
300-312.

1879 Davipson, T. Remarks on Australian Brachiopods—in Brazier
1879, pp. 400-402.

1880 Davipson, T. Report on Brachiopoda. Challenger Report, Zool. 1,
1880.

1888 Davipson, T. A monograph of recent Brachiopoda. Trans. Linn.
Soc. Lond., ser. 2., 4, 1888. (Lingulide pp. 183-242).

891 Francois, P. Choses de Noumea. Arch. Zool. exp. gen. ser. 2, 9,
1891, pp. 231-9; and in Comptes Rendus 102, 1891, pp. 1316-8
(not available).

189la Francois, P. Abstract of Francois 1891, under title “‘ Anatomy of
Lingula” in Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1891, pp. 728-9.

1895 Francois, P. Abstracts and figures in Cambr. Nat. Hist. vol. 3.

(Molluscs and Brachiopods), pp. 483-4, figs. 315-321.
G

Fd ‘ig

MARINE MOLLUSCA COMMON TO AUSTRALIA
AND SOUTH AFRICA.

By Joun SHIRLEY, D.Sc., F.M.S.

( Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th July, 1919).

In a former paper* the extremely wide range of marine
shells found on the Queensland coasts, and the large per-
-centage of species common to such distant places as Queens-
land and the Philippine Islands have been dealt with at
length. Melville and Standen in their ** Shells from Lifu ”
refer constantly to similarity of species in the molluscan
faunas of Mauritius and the Loyalty Islands, places separated
by 3,000 miles of sea. They notice particularly the presence
of a Galapagos shell, Cerithiwm zebrum Kiener, at Lifu,
also reported by the writer from Murray Island in Torres
Strait. Queensland species are found inhabiting the Red
Sea and Persian Gulf, and others range as far as the coasts
of China and Japan. Keeping their extraordinarily wide
distribution in view, especially in the Indo-Pacific regions,
it is curious to meet with statements like the following ,—
tT The species,” referring to Ziziphinus bicingulatus
Lamarck, “is South African according to the British Museum
collection, and the Queensland locality is necessarily false.’
Again, the same writer in referring to Cymatium doliarium

*Shirley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens., XXV, 1914, pp. 5-12.
j Hedley, Studies of Australian Mollusca, Part XI, 1913 p., 279.

84 MARINE MOLLUSCA

L. says, *‘‘ All the specimens in the British Museum col-

lection are from South Africa. There can be no doubt
that these Australian records are fictitious.” In a prelim-
inary index of the Mollusca of Western Australia the same
argument is used: f‘‘ This record by Menke from W.
Australia of an African shell is considered an error by Von
Martens.”’ In each of these cases it is not the decision as
to nomenclature that is here objected to, but the assertion
that a South African habitat denies the possibility of the
shell being found in Australian waters.

Having a small collection of shells from Cape Colony

and Natal, an examination proved that about one-sixth of
these are also known to inhabit the coasts of Australia.
This led to a careful search through the works of the chief
conchologists and the compilation of the following list of
species common to South Africa and the Australian. con-
tinent, a list of some three hundred and fifty species. From
the list some curious facts may be drawn. The common
species are found mainly in the Solanderian and Dampierian
or northern faunal provinces, while very few South African
shells range to the nearer Adelaidean province, lying bet-
ween Shark Bay and Wilson’s Promontory. Among
Pelecypoda the genera Arca, Cardita, Mactra, Paphia and
Tellina show the greatest percentage of species common to
the coasts of the Union and the Commonwealth ; and among
Gasteropods the following :— Arcularia, Cerithiwm, Conus,
Cypraea, Drupa, Mitra, Pyrene, Terebra, Triton or Cymatium.
It is to be expected that such far-wandering ocean travellers
as Cavolinia and Janthina will prove common to the two
areas ; but it is a surprise to find small shells as Hrato
sulcifera Gray, Monoptygma casta A. Adams, Phos roseatus
Hinds, Pteria zebra Reeve, Pyrene varians Sowerby, Rissoina.
elegantula Angas, and Rissoina crassa Angas, common to
these two southern lands.

Another point worthy of mention is the scanty number
of shells in common of the very large families, Turbinidae
and Pyramidellidae,

*Loc. cit. p. 297.
tJour. Roy. Soc. W. Australia, I, 1916, pp. 19. 29, 65.

BY JOHN SHIRLEY.

Moxivusoa ComMon TO SourH AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA.

Acanthopleura spinigera Sowerby
=gemmata Blainville.
Akera soluta Gmelin.
Ancilla anceps Lamarck.
Anomia ephippium Linnaeus.
Antigona listeri Gray.
Aplustrum amplustre Linnaeus.
Arca dwaricata Reeve.
domingensis Lamarck.
imbricata Bruguiere.
navicularis Bruguiere.
nwvea Chemnitz.
squamosa Lamarck.
+ Architectonica cingulum Kiener.
maximum Philippi.
+ Arcularia algida Reeve.
arcularia Linnaeus.
bicallosa Smith.
clathrata Adams and

Reeve.
tcoronata Bruguiere.
filmerae Sowerby.
jgaudiosa Hinds.
gemmulata Lamarck.
lentiginosa A. Adams.
picta Dunker.

+ Aspella anceps Lamarck.
Ataxocerithium serotinuma A.
Adams.

Atys cylindrica Helbling.
elongata A. Adams.
Bankivia varians Becquard.
~t Bullaria ampulla Linnaeus.

Bullina scabra Gmelin.

Bursa affinis Broderip.
granifera Lamarck.
tlampas Lamarck= B. rubeta
Bolten (L).
tpusilla Broderip.
Calliostoma Meyeri Philippi.
Cancellaria lamellosa Hinds.

Cardita calyculata Lamarck.
concamerata Bruguiere.
tvariegata Bruguiere. |

Cardium papyraceum Chemnitz.
rubicundum Reeve.
rugosum Lamarck.
tenuicostatum Lamarck.

Cassis achatina Lamarck.

areola Lamarck.
tpila Reeve.
Ttorquata Reeve.

Cavolinia uncinata Rang.
quadridentata Lesueur.
trispinosa Lesueur.

Cerithiopsis purpurea=WSetla albo-

sutura T. Wds.

Certthium citrinum Sowerby.
tcolumna Sowerby.
echinatum Lamarck.
kochit Philippi.
lactewm Kiener.
tobeliscum Bruguiere.
pingue A. Adams.
rugosum Wood.
taentatum Sowerby.
tzebrum Kiener.

Charonia aquatilis Reeve.

Chitonellus striatus Lamarck.

Conus aplustre Reeve.

tarenatus Hwass.
betulinus Linnaeus.
tcapitaneus Linnaeus.
ceylanensis Hwass.
conspersus Reeve.
flavidus Lamarck.
tgeographus Linnaeus.
glans Bruguiere.
thebracus Linnaeus.
tlineatus Chemnitz.
tlividus Lamarck.
tmiles Linnaeus.
miliaris Hwass.
tminemus Linnaeus.
Tquercinus Bruguiere.
rattus Lamarck.
tessellatus Born.
ttextile Linnaeus.
tvermiculatus Lamarck.
tvexillum Gmelin.

t Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

MARINE MOLLUSCA

Corbula tunicata Hinds.
Crepidula aculeata Gmelin.

Cymatium australe Lamarck.

toracteatus Hinds.
{chlorostoma Lamarck.
cutaceus Linneus.
doliarium Lamarck.
elongatum Reeve= ves-
encausticum Reeve.
exaratus Reeve.
Tgemmatus Reeve.
tlabiosum Wood.
olearium Linnaeus.
tpyrum Reeve.
paceum Reeve.
trubeculum Lamarck.
{tuberosum Lamarck.
vespaceum Lamarck.

Cypraea angustata Gmelin.

tannulus Linnaeus.
tarabica Linnaeus.

jcaput-serpentis Linnaeus.

tearneola Linnaeus.
teaurica Linnaeus.
{clandestina Linnaeus.
costata Gmelin.
teribraria Linnaeus.
cruenta Gmelin.
jerosa Linnaeus.
felina Gmelin.
fimbriata Gmelin.
thelvola Linnaeus.
tisabella Linnaeus.
tlynx Lamarck.
miliaris Gmelin.
tmoneta Linnaeus.
neglecta Sowerby.
ocellata Linnaeus.
quadripunctata Gray.
tstaphylaea Linnaeus.
stolida Linnaeus.
ttabescens Solander.
undata Lamarck.
fvitellus Linnaeus.
tziczac Linnaeus.

Cypricardia anguluta Lamarck.

Cytherea hebraea Lamarck.

Dentalium longitrorsum Reeve.

Distortrixanus Lamarck.
decipiens Reeve.

Dolabellarumphii Cuvier= scapula:

Martyn.
Dolium costatum Menke.

finbriatum Sowerby.
variegatum Lamarck.
Donax nitida Deshaye =veruinus

Hedley.
Dosinia lamellata Reeve.
Drillia bijubata Reeve.
{Drupa aspera Lamarck.

tarachnoides Lamarck.
fiscella Lamarck.
heptagonalis Reeve.
marginatra Blainville.
tricinus Linnaeus.
undata Chemnitz.

+ Engina anaxares Duclos.
Epitonium aculeatum Sowerby.

clathratulum Montagu:
jukesianum Forbes.
replicatum Sowerby.

Erato sulcifera Gray.
Ervilia bisculpta Gould.

+ Fasciolaria filamentosa Lamarck. .
Fissurella fimbriata Reeve.

scutella Say.
similis Soweroy.

Gafrarium divaricatum Chemnitz...

pectinatum Linnaeus.

Gibbula townsendi Sowerby.

affine Pease.

Gyrineum ranelloides Reeve.
Haminea subcylindrica Sowerby.
Harpa conoidalis Lamarck.

crassa Philippi.
ventricosa Lamarck.

Heliacus luteus Lamarck.

Hipponyx acuta Quoy.

tantiquata Linnaeus.

jaustralis Quoy and
Gaimard.

tbarbata Sowerby.

Hydatina physis Linnaeus
Ischnochiton lentiginosus Sowerby

+ Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 37.

Janthina communis Lamarck. | Murex axicornis Lamarck.
globosa Swainson. banksii Sowerby.
exigua Lamarck. brevispina Lamarck.

Lima squamosa Lamarck=lima | ramosus Linnaeus.

Linnaeus. | Natica areolata Recluz.
ftenera Chemnitz. didyma Bolten.
{ Lioconcha picta Lamarck. Li ag tmamilla Lamarck.

Lotorium gracile Reeve. marochiensis Gmelin.

{ Lucina exasperata Reeve. tsimiae Chemnitz.
Ee ES + Nerita albicilla Linnaeus.

Tirana oblonga Cheeni einai Colin:

Lyrva matraeformis Lamarck. Splicata Linnaeus.

Macroschisma producta A. Adams. palantnecae,

Mactra achatina Chemnitz.
australis Lamarck.
ovalina Lamarck.
polita Chemnitz.
Margaritifera vulgaris Schumacher

Neritina crepidularia Lamarck.
| Odostomia angasi Tryon.
Oliva caerulea Bolten.

elegans Lamarck.

Marginella fusiformis Hinds. Ostrea cucullata Born.
inconspicua Sowerby. Paphia cumingii Sowerby.
metcalfer Angas= deshayesii Hanley.
ochracea Ang. textrix Chemnitz=tezxtile-
Megatabennus concatanatus Cross Lamarck.
and Fischer. sulcaria Lamarck.
Merria deshayesiana Recluz. Pecten limatula Reeve.
¢ Mitra cadaverosa Reeve. Philine aperta Linnaeus.
carbonacea Hinds. schroetert Philippi.
etreula Kiener. Phos roseatus Hinds.
Rent ana | Pinna madida Reeve.

crenulata Lamarck.
serra Reeve.

eiares Here: vexillum Born.

eeerale Gane” | Planarisaudeatus Quoy and Gat-
aspera elin.

flammea Quoy.
interlirata Reeve.
limbifera Lamarck.
tlitterata Lamarck.
obeliscus Reeve.
tpaupercula Linnaeus.
trufescens A. Adams.
zephyrina Duclos.
Modiola auriculata Krauss.

mard.
Pleurotoma marmorata Lamarck.
| monilifera Pease.
| tigrina Lamarck=
Turris acuta Perry.
Plicatula australis Lamarck.
Psammmobia ornata Deshayes.
Pteria zebra Reeve.
+Pupa affinis A. Adams.
lignea Reeve. suturalis A. Adams.
Hodiolaria cuneata Gould. tsolidula Linnaeus.
cumingiana Dunker. Pyramidella dolabratus Linnaeus.
Monodonta australia Deshayes. tmitralis A. Adams.
Monoptygma casita A. Adams. jsuleatus A. Adams.
Montfortia conoidea Reeve. + Pyrazus palustris Bruguiere.

} Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

88 MARINE
Pyrene flava Bruguiere.
+ filmerae Sowerby.
lactea Duclos.
mendicaria (var.) Lamarck.
pulchella Sowerby.
tvarians Sowerby.
tversicolor Sowerby.
Pyrula reticulata Lamarck.
Rapana nodosa A. Adams.
| Rissoina elegantula Angas.
} Rissoina crassa Angas.

Rochfortia paula A. Adams=
peculiaris A. Adams.

Sanguinolaria donacioides Reeve.

Saaicava arctica Gmelin.=australis
Lamarck.

Scutum imbricatum Quoy and Gai-
mard.
unguis Linnaeus.
Seila albosutura T. Wads.
Sepia hierredda Rang.
tSepta pileare Lamarck.

Sigaretus papillus Gmelin.
planulatus Recluz.

Solen sloanei Gray.
Spondylus nicobaricus Chemnitz.
Stomatella sulcifera Lamarck.

+Strombus floridus Lamarck.

tgtb’erulus Linnaeus.
lamarcku Gray.
lentiginosus Linnaeus.

Tellina capsoides Lamarck.
tdispar Conrad.
pharaonis Hanley.
rastellum Hanley.
trhomboides Quoy and Gai-

mard.

rosea Spengler.
semen Hanley.
umbonella Lamarck.
tvirgata Linnaeus.
virgulata Hanley.

MOLLUSCA

{ Terebra affinis Gray.
babylonia Lamarck.
cingulifera Lamarck.
fictilis Hinds.
monilis Quoy and Gai-

mard.
pertusa Born.
tstraminea Gray.
tsubulata Lamarck.
ttextilis Hinds.
tdimidiata Lamarck.

Thais bufo Lamarck.

mancinella Lamarck.
persica Lamarck.
succincta Lamarck.

Torinia caelata Hinds.
dorsuosa Hinds.
variegata Gmelin.

Trapezium angulatum Lamarck.

Tridacna elongata Lamarck.

Triphora corrugata Hinds.

Tritonidea subrubiginosa Smith.

{Trivia insecta Mighels.

tpellucidula Gaskoin.
{vitrea Gaskoin.
toryza Lamarck.

Trochus impervius Menke.

virgatus Gmelin.

Trophon contractus Reeve.

Turbinella incarnata Reeve.
nassatula Lamarck

*Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus.

intercostalis Menke.

Turbonilla bifasciata A. Adams.
fusca A. Adams.
hofmani Angas.
Turris acuta Perry.

Umbonium vestiarium Linnaeus.
Umbrella indica Lamarck.
Venerupis rugosa Reeve.
Vermetus tricuspe Morch.
Vexillum vexillum Lamarck. .
Volvulella rostrata A. Adams.

Ziziphinus euglyptus A. Adaras=

tvulsella Chemnitz.

Calliostoma Meyert
Philippi.

+ Shells so marked range also to Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

BY JOHN SHIRLEY. 89

WORKS CONSULTED.

A. anp H. Apams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, 1858.

BartscH, Pau, Report on the Turton Collection, U.S. Natural
History Bulletin, 91, 1915, Smithsonian Publication.

BLaINVILLE, Manuel de Malacologie, 1825.

-CHENU, Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1859.

Dittwyn, Descriptive Catalogue of recent Shells. Vols. land IT, 1817.

Haney Catalogue of recent Bivalve Shells, 1842-56.

Hep.tey, Memoirs of the Australian Mueum ; Studies of the Mollusca,
Jour. Lin. Soc. of N.S. Wales.

MELVILLE AND STANDEN, Shells of Lifu, Parts 1-111, Jour. Conch
Vol. VIII. pp. 84-132, 273-315, 379-381, 396-421.

PELSENEER, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XXIII, 1888.

Purtieri, Conchylien Cab. Vols. I and II, 1845-1851.

QuoyY AND GAIMARD, Zool. Astrolabe, Vol. II, 1832.

Situ, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XIII, 1885.

Sowersy, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Vols. 1-V.

“Tryon, Manual of Conchology, Part I, Vols. I- XVI.

Warson, Challenger Rep., Zool., Vol. XV, 1886.

‘Woop, Index Testaceologicus, 1856,

ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENS-
LAND COAST.

By Heper A. Loneman, F.L.S., Director of the Queensland.
Museum.

Plates III and LV.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 28th July,
1919).

In December, 1918, Mr. B. H. Todd kindly informed.
me that the remains of a large marine animal were stranded.
on the coast at Nikenbah, near Maryborough, South
Queensland, on the property of Mr. Emil Jensen. For-
tunately the remains were above tidal influence, and the
opinion was expressed by Mr. Todd that the animal must
have “‘ committed suicide’ to get ashore in such a way.
Probably it was endeavouring to escape from some enemy.
On being communicated with, Mr. Jensen kindly covered
the remains with sand, to facilitate cleaning, and in
February forwarded to the Queensland Museum all the
bones obtainable. Special care was taken to preserve
the cranium, the detached rami of the lower jaw and a single
tooth. Examination shows that the bones are those of a
specimen of Cuvier’s Whale, Ziphius cavirostris, which has.
not previously been recorded from the Coasts of Australia.
Reg. No. Q.M.J. 3262.

The distribution of this interesting Cetacean was dealt.
with by Dr. 8S. F. Harmer, in 1915, who reviewed the previous.
references and recorded the occurrence of two specimens
on the Southern Coast of Ireland.* Previous records
included specimens from both sides of the Atlantic, Bering

*Harmer, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1915, pp. 559-566.

BY HEBER A. LONGMAN. QO]

Sea, the Mediterranean, South Africa and New Zealand,
but notwithstanding its wide range Ziphius cavirostris‘seems
to be one of the rarer Ziphioid whales. The affinities of
the New Zealand specimens, first described by Haast and
Hector as distinct species, were demonstrated by Turner.*
A specimen reported from Liscannor, Co. Clare, Ireland,
was subsequently found to be True’s Mesoplodon mirum.t

Skul]l,—The majority of the sutures are markedly
open, as may be seen from the illustrations. In the occipital
plane, the lateral sutures separating the parietals may be
distinguished. There is a median suture between the fron-
tals. The massive, conjoined nasals include an asymmet-
rical bone which protrudes in advance of the frontals for
some distance in the median suture. A partial suture is
also present on the right nasal. The prenarial basin, so
characteristic of adult forms, is not strongly developed.
The premaxille in this region are flattened, especially that
on the right, whilst a longitudinal groove is present on the
left. The foramen of the left premaxilla is smaller and is
situated a little anteriorly to that on the right. The
mesorostral ossification is not prominent, only appearing
on the floor of the deep groove formed in the rostrum by
the semi-tubular premaxille. For some distance in front
of their lateral expansions, the maxille have a well-marked
double (ectomaxillary) ridge. The maxillary prominences
are small and unequally developed, that on the right side
being the larger.

The anterior part of the palatal surface of the rostrum
is formed by the premaxille, the vomer appearing
145mm. from the tip. The converging sides of the maxille
are produced between the palatine strips and just exclude
the vomer, which reappears after a few millimetres and
separates the palatines as they junction with the ptery-
goids. The palatine strips are only about 8 mm. across
in this region. The slender jugals are lost, with the excep-
tion of an anterior fragment on the left side. The ear-
bones were misplaced in transit, and in Plate IV. the
mastoid portion is missing in the postero-lateral contour.
Although detached, both tympanic and both periotic

*Turner, Challenger Zoology, vol. 1, No. iv, 1880, p. 27.
{‘‘ Nature,” May 22nd, 1919, p. 237.

92 ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS ON THE QUEENSLAND COAST.

bones are present. When compared with the interesting
series figured by True, they are found to agree best with
No. 4, which is the type of Z. grebnitzkii. In one periotic
the fenestra ovalis was closed by a simple rod of bone
representing the stapes.

Mandible.—The rami of the mandible are not anchy-
losed. The superior contours agree well with figure 1 in
Plate 22 of F. W. True’s work on the Ziphiidae.* The
alveolus terminating the right side has an’ open groove
anteriorly, but this may be abnormal; unfortunately the
corresponding portion of the left ramus is broken, and
cannot be compared. The single tooth forwarded is 51mm.
in length. It tapers from a basal diameter of 12 mm.
to an acuminate enamelled tip. In section it is sub-cir-
cular ; the root is hollow and the cavity extends to within
12 mm. of the tip. When placed in the alveolus only the
tip protrudes.

In certain characters, notably the small conical tooth,
the absence of a mesorostral ossification and of a pronounced

prenarial basin, our specimen exhibits the characters of an
immature female.

F. W. True has shown that Ziphius gervaisii (Duvernoy)
represents a female of Z. cavirostris, and Dr. 8. F. Harmer
also accepts this principle of sexual diagnosis (loc. cit.),
so there is sound reason for classifying these remains as a
female of Cuvier’s species. So long ago as 1870, Owen
referred to the small size of the mandibular teeth as typify-
ing a female.

No actual measurements were taken by the discoverers,
but the specimen when first stranded is said to have been
“about nineteen feet.’

Dimensions of Cranium and Mandible :—

Total length of cranium a es 5c or 830mm
Maximum breadth (between zygomatic processes

of the squamosal) Be 467mm
Maximum height (from inferior bodes of ptaryaente

to vertex) .. we nie 414mm
Distance from tip of rata We poston median

margin of pterygoids .. Se ie ee 636mm

*True, Bull. 73, United States Nat. Mus., 1910.
+Owen, Mon. Brit. Foss. Cretacea, No. 1, 1870, p. 12.

Proc. Roy. Soc. Q’Lanp, Vou. xxxt. Prate III.

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.

Proc.

Roy.

Soc. Q’Lanp, VoL. XXXI.

Prats LV.

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier.

‘0

BY HEBER A. LONGMAN. 93

Length of rostrum... “ie : 450mm
Distance from tip of rostrum to anterior Border

of nasals_.. an 36 BE Se 4s 580mm
Length of mandible .. . bic 3c ac 740mm
Depth of mandible at soronoid Se as ie 147mm
Length of symphysis .. oe af So be 130mm

Vertebrae.—There are four coalesced cervical vertebrae.
In the atlas the foramina in the arch for the exit of the first
pair of spinal nerves are complete on each side ; the inferior
lateral processes are thick and strong and slightly bent
backwards, the maximum diameter between them being
250 mm.

There are seven thoracic vertebrae, probably being the
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 8th and 9th. The last three have facets
for the articulation of ribs on the transverse processes only.

There are fourteen post-thoracic vertebrae, four of
which are caudal centra only. Four incomplete ribs, one
chevron bone and five epiphyseal dises are present.

Three vertebrae of a dugong and the coracoid of a
turtle were forwarded at the same time, and testify to the
efforts of the donor to secure as many bones as the cireum-
stances permitted.

THE STRUT PROBLEM.

By R. W. H. Hawken, B.A., M.E. (Sydney), M. Inst. C.E.,

Professor of Engineering, University of Queensland.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, August 25th,
1919).

In engineering and architectural construction the
problem of strut design constantly occurs ; many elaborate
theoretical analyses have been made, and much money
spent in experiment to determine formulae and principles
governing the design of such members.

The failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, when many
lives were lost, and hundreds of thousands of pounds fell
into the river, showed that our knowledge of column design
was not complete.

The author, ina series of papers collected and published
under the title of ‘‘Column Analysis and Design,’* has
made a comparison of the various formulae proposed,
and has deduced sets of curves for the purpose of
analysing experimental results and for use in the design
of columns.

The deductions made in the paper mentioned were
based on interpretations of previous work, and on new
methods of analysis, which it is the purpose of this paper
to explain and discuss.

*Published by the University of Queensland and the Sydney
University Engineering Society.

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 95

The basic result is that of Euler (1707-1783), which
will be here stated in the notation to be adopted throughout.
(See Fig. 1).

Sav

Sole rea he Siem a,
BG: = te

‘Let O be the centre of coordinates

l
— be the length of a column fixed at one end and
2 free at the other (equivalent to a column

length ‘7’ pin ended).

y be the ordinate of the deflection curve

x- the abscissa measured from O
9°

o~_

E be the Modulus of Elasticity of the material

I be the Moment of Inertia of the cross section

Q be the Load centrally applied.

96 THE STRUT PROBLEM.

The differential equation of equilibrium
d?y

The solution of this equation is a cosine curve

1%
$6. VB COB KR oe oes oe corel ae (2):

and it has been proved that Q can have only one value, viz.

m2 KI
QS ee ba Use Venda Boe (3)
]2
which will be called the ‘ Euler Value’ or ‘Q’ of the
COlMMD 9) ie bc ele ee es 2 + eines (5a)

The results (2) and (3) were deduced a century and
a-half ago by Euler; the derivation of the Euler results
appears in almost any book on infinitesimal calculus, or
on the theory of structures, yet it is with their meaning and
interpretation that this paper deals, because the author
thinks that neither has been fully nor correctly understood.

Mathematicians and Engineers using the results (2)
and (3) of Euler gave various explanations of their meaning,
such as :—

(a) the column is in ‘ neutral’ or ‘ unstable ’ equilibrium,

(6) a deflection occurs under one load only, and is
then indeterminable,

(e) and many others.

To make clear the proposed explanation, it will be
necessary to examine a modified case, shown in Fig. (2),
that is, instead of the load being central it is applied with
an eccentricity ‘e,’ the differential equation is then

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 97

and it will be seen at once from (2) above that

n
Varo COS Ma HOPE ICUS wiatteleicte se eee ee ees (5)
9
n? EI
ere ae MONI, WEISS da ee eb cee seem se es (6)
(I')?

A solution was first deduced* as if it were a separate
problem from that of Euler by Prof. R. H. Smith, in 1878,
-who left it in the form

l ie
(yi te)=(ate) — Cos ~— se aeeeeeccecceees (7)
2 EI

Rie. 2;

Prof. Smith wrote his paper to express the view that
there was no such thing as perfectly central loading, and
‘that the correct case to consider for any column was for

an eccentric load; he went on to use his equation to

deduce some results which are probably correct, but he

*Proc. Edinburgh and Leith Engineering Society, 1878.
H

9S THE STRUT PROBLEM.

would not acknowledge any practical meaning* of result
(3) or the ‘German Rule,’ as he called it, though admitting
the accuracy of the mathematics. He deduced l’ of (6)
72 EI
as ,/——~ but saw no practical application in his result.f
P .

Apparently he did not realise that he was virtually repeating
Euler’s analysis.

Smith’s work was somewhat neglected by subsequent.
writers; in many Engineering text-books it is not
mentioned,t but, later, equation (7) has been quoted as
‘Professor Smith’s Formula,’§ but often under a special
heading of eccentrically loaded columns.

The author|| (who at the time did not know of Smith’s
work) put the solution of the differential equation in the
form shown in (5) and (6) and using (6) has proceeded as
follows :—

z?KL Qi? Q
since P=——-=—— ..]' =1/—.l
‘hes l? r
eae (8)
Q P q
or if gq =— and p =— then l’=,/—.
A A p

that is to say, every column bends as if it has a ‘ virtual
length,’ according to the load applied, provided Q is
assumed a constant. He adopted lst (with Smith) the view
that there is an ‘essential eccentricity’ of loading small
or large according to practical conditions of making and
adjustment; 2nd, that absolutely central loading is a
mathematical conception only, but (in disagreement with
Smith) the ‘ Euler Value ’ ‘ Q’ has a very practical applica-
tion, as will be shown below.

*See Footnotes, pages 101 and 102 ; also pp. 36,37, “Column Analysis
and Design.”

See pp. 35, 36, 37 of paper by author, ““ Column Analysis and Design.”

{Vide Morly “Theory of Structures,” who solves the differential
equation (4) and apparently was not aware of Smith’s work.

§Jamieson “‘ Applied Mechanics.”

||Vide Proc. Inst. C.E., Vol. 204, paper No. 4207.

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 99

The problem, as it occurs in Engineering Practice,
will now be stated.

The design of a column depends mainly on the
maximum stress at the extreme fibre; to get this it is
necessary to take account of both direct compression and
bending stress, thus :—Referring to Fig. 1 or Fig. 2,—

if P be the load on the column
A be area of cross section
y be distance of extreme fibre from neutral axis
f, be stress at extreme fibre due to bending only

I. be moment of inertia of section and r radius of
gyration where [=Ar?

f be total stress at the extreme fibre at the point C
on the column=f, +p

n be maximum deflection

P
p be —
A
then
Pxnxy pny
ee eae eee eee ee (9)
aac 1
jeeye
MOD he ep et i, SG tao wees eel ae (10)
re

so that if we know the quantity ‘n’ we can calculate f
and from (10) we can express p in terms of f, thus :—

and thus say, for any material, what direct stresses can be
applied to a column to cause a certain allowable stress f,
according to the material used, at the extreme fibre.

100 THE STRUT PROBLEM.

The difficulty is that from the assumptions of central
loading, n is indeterminate, and various devices have been
adopted to make practical use of (11): the best known
is that of Professor Rankine, who, following the analogy*

]2
-of beam deflection, said n for a constant {=c— where ¢ is
7
-constant for the material, and thus obtained the familiar
Rankine-Gordon formula

this is still extensively used, it has been modified empiric-

1X2
ally to the ‘ parabolic formula ’ p=t{ of -) }. . (12a)
r

} l
-and to the ‘straight line formula ‘=f 1x) » af (26)
r

‘these latter are easy of application, and, over limited ranges
for f and k chosen with judgment are suitable for ordinary

-design. T

*The analogy of beam and strut is not nearly complete and may be
-deceptive. In a beam the deflection varies directly as the load, whereas
in a column the rate of change of deflection increases with the load, for
this reason breaking test results for apparent central loading which may
.and do conform to Rankine’s formula, do not give a true indication of what
will happen under loads used in practice. The curves appended show
this; f/p is not constant for the same column, in fact the curves have
been drawn to deduce the varying amount ; in a beam the various curves
would be straight lines parallel to the axis. For these reasons any table
~of breaking strengths of columns can only be a very rough indication of
how the column is stressed under working conditions. For columns
with a definite eccentricity of loading these remarks apply with equal
‘force. Plate VI illustrates these remarks; both when results are being
determined in terms of |/r and of (1/r)?.

f
{That is if the fact is kept in mind that the ratio — varies with f

see Plate VI.) p

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 10

Continental Engineers specify that columns shall be
loaded only to a proportion of the Euler Value* (generally
Da) eiee-a blade —Aocitipions,. <Q... 3», <9 ince dyetayenace a <4» (13)

To apply the results (1) to (6) to the solution of (11).

The author considers that in practice we can no more
realise the Euler condition than we can make a _ perfect
sphere—we can only approach either to the limit of accuracy”
of workmanship or of the measuring instruments,
consequently every material column has some eccentricity
of loading. Itis quite possible that the deviationf from the
ideal conditions is not exactly that shewn diagrammatically
in Fig. 2. The column may be in a bent state though
unstrained, or the sources of eccentricity may lie in different
amounts of strain on compressive and tensile sides (vide
Fidler’s ‘ Bridge Construction’), but the assumption made
allows of exact solutions and visualising methods and may
be reasonably considered as a summary of sources of
difference from ideal loading.

The phenomena shewn by experiment confirm what
has been stated above; in the most carefully conducted
experimental work the Euler condition cannot be realised
though various experimenters have thought it so: it is
only a close approximation that has been reached, and
experimentally ‘unstable equilibrium ’ cannot be attained,
some residual friction at supportst or want of centrality

* . . . “And yet it is this value Q=72 , which has been:

L2
stated to be the theoretically (sic) safe (!) load, and the framers of the
formula who were, of course, perfectly well aware that the formula gave
results as far away from the results of experiment as the sun is from the
moon, proceeded gravely to divide the modulus of elasticity E by a factor
of safety varying from 6to12. . . . The idea of dividing a modulus.
of elasticity by a factor of safety is sufficiently grotesque in any
circumstances, but the idea that it may possibly be six or twelve times
as great as we think it is, is a strange absurdity.” (Extract from Professor
Smith’s paper on ‘“‘ The Strength of Struts.”’).

tSee p. 38-39 of “Column Analysis and Design.”

{This might cause an approach to fixation, consequently the virtual.
length may be shorter than the actual length and a column apparently
be able to carry more than its Euler Value.

162 THE STRUT PROBLEM.

is sufficient to ensure some variation from the ideal
condition, and, as the deflection is nearly infinite in its
ratio to eccentricity of loading when the load is nearly
the Euler load (see equation (18) ), an infinitely small
eccentricity may cause a definite deflection; in the
language of mathematics, 00 x O = a; more strictly—
nearly «¢ xX nearly O = nearly a.

It is inconceivable that an absolutely different set of
conditions obtains in the two cases of (a) absolute centrality,
and (6b) infinitely close to absolute centrality, yet this is
what Smith apparently assumed.*

The explanation of the apparent anomalies lies probably
in the fact that the primary differential equation solved
by Euler, and later in a modified form, by Smith, is not
itself exact. This important point seems to have been
missed in the numerous discussions of column formulae.
Let H be the load applied.

The exact equation is

d2y dy \243
df fap no T {i+ alt } Lew, Lateonate (14)
dx? dx

d?y
the ordinary equation assumed, see (1), is = — Hy
dx?
dy \2
that is (2 , being small, is neglected, yet it is quite
dx

conceivable that even though negligible so far as arith-
metical results are concerned, yet if taken into account,
it may provide the element of stability.

* “The error is not in pure mathematics. From first to last
Grashof’s careful and elaborate investigation is correct, so far at least
as I have detected. His mathematical deduction from his final equation
is substantially right, but his mistake consisted in assuming that the case
e=O was one which commonly occurred in practice, and thus in inferring
that the mathematical results of assumption has a bearing on the practical
question of the strength of struts. This case never occurs in practice,
and although e may often be very small, still its slightest variation from
absolutely O altogether destroys the validity of the conclusions drawn.’®
(Extract from Professor Smith’s Paper, 1878).

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 103

This view is confirmed by the solution of (14) using
elliptic functions by R. W. Burgess,* he shows that each
central load is accompanied by a definite deflection, and,
as was to be expected, that the cosine curve is quite

dy
inaccurate when the slope (:) becomes appreciable.
dx
Keeping to the assumption of Q as a unit basis for all
loads for the column and putting H for the actual central
load, some figures of Burgesst have been put into the form
of Table I.

TaBLe I.
wp Corresponding values of
Values of -;/— for | In the Author’s Deflection
2q | notation. a/l, i.e. —————
pin-jointed columns. | Length
1.57080 er — GO) 0.0000
1.57092 H=1.00014 Q 0.0111
1.58284 H—1O1@ 0.1097

The figures of Table I. show that for any deflection
to take place the load must be somewhat greater than Q,

Q
but when the load is —— greater than Q, the deflection
7500

is 1% of the length, an amount beyond that usually allow-
able in Engineering practice, so that the error in assuming
Q as the unit maximum load is less than 1 in 10,000 ; yet
Q is not necessarily a load causing collapse, nor is there
instability even for a central load.

Professor Chapman, of Adelaide University, has
deduced by exact analysis for eccentric load

e a+e pz
that =cen (6, v6) where v=—— and 6 = 1/- —-
ate l q 2
ae. pis
and thus v@= /—— :...(15)

l q 2
*Physical Review, March, 1917.
tThe table has been prepared by the author in the way shewn from
figures kindly supplied by Professor Chapman, of Adelaide University.
See Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, Vol. xlii, 1918.

104 THE STRUT PROBLEM.

The Smith-Euler analysis as modified by the author
e

gives =cos 6, see later equation (18) .......... (16)
a Le

By expanding both series the error of (16) is only

‘2% when vO@='l. In Engineering practice v@ is rarely

greater than ‘Ol.

The results just stated for exact solutions show that.
the assumptions of a cosine curve, and of Q as a_ unit.
maximum load have very small errors which are quite
negligible in Engineering Design.

Granting an essential eccentricity ‘e,’ as argued above,.
and using equations (5) and (8) the Author deduced the
following result :—

l l p
In (5) when x= — then y=e and -=4/-— from (8)
is I’ q
pz
*,e@ =(a--e) cos y— — |. .2cne eee (17)
q 2
pa
or-(a-Fe)=e sec! 4/s— 222 See (18).
q 2

Consequently curves may be plotted* showing (a+e)
or maximum deflection in terms of ‘e’ as the load P varies ;
when P=Qthe deflection is infinite (see Plate V). Curves

have been plotted usually with abscissa ranging from
q

O to 1, showing all variations of stress as the load varies,.

and thus the actual meaning and accuracy of various.

formulae are clearly shown.

The many tables and curves of the author of which
some examples are shown*, should allow of experimental
results being properly interpreted, and probably a formula.
evolved, showing how ‘e’ varies with the dimensions
end construction of practical columns: if this were known
authoritatively the theory of design of columns might

become as satisfactory as that of a simple beam.

*See diagrams appended. Plates V and VI.

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 105

When this variation is known, possibly formulae
eliminating intermediate computation based on ‘e’ may
be evolved: this at present those of (12) and (13) attempt

to do, but they are not sufficiently rational.

The method of the author seems to bring into touch,
and reconcile, the various deductions made for columns
thus :—

Taking as the basis the pin ended column of length /

m2 KI
it has an Euler value Q=—— —..... nee cece eee (19)
/2

All practical columns bend with a virtual length

Q
l'= »1/— 1 where P is the load applied .............. (20)
Aig

The extreme cases are for ideal conditions.*

(a) Fixed at both ends then P=4Q and virtual length

Q l
Ba af = Ses Abs, DISTANT BAL. (21)
4Q 2
(6) Fixed at one end and free at the other then P=—
4
Q
and virtual length l’=./— /=21_ ........ (22)

Q/4

Between these extreme cases every column bends with
a virtual length according to the partial fixing and the
amount of load.

In Engineering Practice judgment will have to be
exercised in deciding on the amount of fixing or otherwise
to be allowed for.

* “The deflection of a column with fixed ends does not depend on
the eccentricity of loading. Extra strain is brought on the fixed ends,
but not on the column itself.” (Extract from Prof. Chapman’s corres-
pondence with the author).

106 THE STRUT PROBLEM.

APPENDIX,

Applying (18) to (11)

f
SS ee sive Jondge Couete areas et chagetre (CL)
ey pa
1+ — see y- -
r2 q 2
ey
or writing —=¢
r2
f
PS ark ere ————— +, OR ERR toes (b)
px
1+ sec y/- -
q 2
This does not allow of p being deduced in terms of f
pz
unless an algebraical expression for sec 1/W—-- may _ be
q 2

found: many attempts have been made at this, and the
author has put forward the expression*

*Interesting and probably very useful deductions may be made
from this. It will be seen that if‘‘a” be the induced deflection, applying
the suggested approximation to (18)

9)
q
then a=1-25se5 ————— 5 eee sce oeee « o isnee Shere oceans eaateneneneae (i)
p
sv

so that the deflection of a column may be computed_mentally.

The assumption of original bending of an amount e (followed by
Fidler, Hutt, Andrews and others) gives :—

that is 20% less than (i)

Blakey.
ce A A
Sg a ene NA i a
pbb al boo IN
SR AG a
Ce et ! ga ITE a
ing, change In ex Ter eae A Gi
ges a a | 1 | Hi GR EA EE
change RES RA A a
oo aA | iH liktet —
ni tl EAA E 7 Wau
za a a
Mee 111 A A
a et 7
SMTA) AAR Ge i
HOE PE iat
eee
pase MN
Hedda 20801) AES
Hue et es B= 40) Ht bes ba :
Hata aE Se el Hd 00 8 a
! a pass OY, yy aaeattee
ae ete nan ie Ha a Tits 7a AES GR TT
ina TR ely sp. |) PHT AL] War HEI
eT na: AKL | Fae in HE it
‘ghange NL ears an
ce ZEEE
et
2 ac
a
Bl ld uaa
Ae)

pea

Proo. Roy. Soc. Q’Lanp, Vou. xxx. Prat V.

CURVES FOR STRESS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COLUMNS.

By R. W. H. Hawken, B.A., M.E. (Sydney), M. Inst. C.E.,
Professor of Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane.

LSS PER 3a INCH

ee
pialetole

7) ELC) a lm

“6 “To 2 0

| TT WE) ea reren Pr ret ra Pay ' i TTP OSH Pet dys i

| t | lye || H I | t { ||

HE {ait ! oe ae | } | \|
14 fe} peg t BET peter Fee

-}-|-+-++ t+ tt t tar
ete HO 6 LO A oe +4 +4
= t t Teer ey selmi wht te .
seme a 1 i a nat Fear Oa N ie
- + T + Deal ;
SS cen } t 2 TOSS Pea Tp peat Hatatah
= NN r rt 4-444. oe Os +4-[op | Ly +
== a 4+ tt ttl} 4—+-+-4 + + {4t-bty get aH 4
ts +44 james = + Ht + ol . Aaa,
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PuatEe VI.

XXXI.

Vou.

Proc Roy. Soc QLAND.

64000 LBS

ER SQ. INCH

=16000 LBS
R SQ.INCH.

PER SQ.INCH.
= 64000 LBS
PER SQ INCH.

790 = € For f= 16000 LBs

3 10 = € For;

48 5

40 42 |44 46

ie 38

Cocos

“HONIOS Y3d SBI
0009) = F 4Os O0QQ9d)

"HON! OS Yad /S37
es

BY R. W. H. HAWKEN. 107

p
14°25 -
pz q
sec f/- -=
q 2 p
==
q

the error of which is negligible, but it is more conclusive
and just as easy to use the secant curve, consequently all
the curves and data have been deduced on the latter basis.

As shewn in the previous paper this does not cause anything like
f
20% difference in results for -
Pp

q
It is apparent that —— is the sum of a Geometrical Progression,

Pp
ee

q
80 that

Induced Deflection Pp p 1\?
= Eine Ice Se aL tee ae
Eccentricity of Loading q q q

which is easily visualised.

THE AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAB
(LEPIDOPTERA).

By A. JEFFERIS TURNER, M.D., F.E.S.

(Read before the Royal Society of Queensland, 29th October,
1919.)

The Gelechianae are rather a difficult group, and I
have only lately studied them seriously. With the help
of a small number of species named for me by Mr. Meyrick,,
but especially by the study of Mr. Meyrick’s admirable
revision (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1904, p. 255), of which
I cannot speak too highly, I have found the genera not so
hard to understand as might have been expected.

Moths of this sub-family are mostly small, sometimes:
minute, mostly of dull and inconspicuous colouring (the
genus Crocanthes is an exception), and of very retired
habits, so that isolated examples of new species have
occurred rather frequently, and until the larve have been
discovered, many species will remain poorly represented in
collections. The species of Crocanthes, Dichomeris, and
some others are usually abundant, and some species are
taken freely at light. One species Dichomeris capnitis,
Meyr., sometimes occurs in countless millions. 1 came upon
one of these swarms near Gympie, Queensland, on April
15th, 1906. For twenty yards in length and several yards
in breadth along the bank of a small creek the eucalyptus
saplings, some of considerable size, were so covered with.
moths that not only was their foliage completely blackened,
but the saplings themselves were actually bowed with the
weight. On beating a sapling with a stick it recovered its

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 109

uprightness while the moths arose in a dense black cloud,
and the rustling sound of their wings was distinctly audible.

- The moths were imbricated on the leaves like the seales of
a roof. In order to form some estimate of their numbers
I captured with a sweep of the net the moths on two large
leaves (at the utmost 5 x 2 inches) and counted 710 speci-
mens. As the leaves on the shrubs were numerous and the
shrubs fairly close together the total number of insects
must have been beyond computation.

Among the new genera I have made, it is possible that
some may be identical with extra-Australian genera with
which I am unacquainted. Among the species I have
had most difficulty with those of the large genus Proto-
lechia. The species of this genus are mostly obscure and
sometimes variable, and of the 85 species described by Mr,
Meyrick I have so far identified only 33.

Fam. TINEID.
Subfam. Gelechiane.
EPIPHTHORA PSOLOSTICTA n. sp.

pohootixtos, spotted with black.

3g. ll mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi whitish
with a few fuscous scales ; second joint with an anterior
apical tuft, which is longer than terminal joint ; terminal
joint 4, rather loosely scaled. Antennz whitish. Abdomen
grey-whitish. Legs whitish ; anterior pair with fine trans-
verse dark-fuscous strie; middle pair with some fuscous
irroration most pronounced on tarsi. Forewings narrow,
costa rather strongly arched, apex acute; whitish with
scanty pale ochreous-fuscous irroration, denser towards
apex ; a line of three blackish subcostal dots near base ;
a blackish subcostal dot at 4, a second opposite to it beneath
fold, a third above fold before middle ; a short blackish
subcostal line from middle; blackish dots above tornus,
before termen above middle, and at apex ; cilia whitish with
some fuscous irroration round apex. Hindwings with
emargination rectangular, apical process 4; pale-grey ;
cilia ochreous-whitish,

N.S.W., Glen Innes, in March ; one specimen.

110 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

EPpIPHTHORA POLIOPASTA 1. Sp.

modwunactos, sprinkled with grey.

$13 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish; second:
joint fuscous externally except at apex, an apical tuft not
quite so long as terminal joint ; terminal joint $. Antenne
whitish. Thorax whitish irrorated with grey. Abdomen
ochreous-whitish. Legs, anterior pair dark-fuscous irrorated
with whitish ; middle pair whitish irrorated with fuscous,
more densely on tarsi; posterior pair ochreous -whitish.
Forewings with costa rather strongly arched, apex pointed ;
whitish uniformly irrorated with ochreous-grey; a few
blackish scales but no defined dots; cilia whitish, round
apex irrorated with fuscous. Hindwings with emargin-
ation rectangular, apical process }; whitish-grey, cilia
ochreous-whitish.

Q., Maroochydore near Caloundra, in August; one
specimen.

EPIPHTHORA ACROPASTA 2. SP.

axoomactos, sprinkled at the apex.

38 mm. Head, antenne, thorax and abdomen
white; Palpi white; second joint slightly thickened
anteriorly but not tufted ; terminal joint 3. Legs white ;
anterior pair with a few fuscous seales. Forewings with
costa moderately arched ; apex acute ; white with scanty
pale ochreous-fuscous irroration, more pronounced near
apex; discal dots not defined; an ochreous-fuscous dot
at tornus, another beneath costa at 4, and several between
this and apex; cilia whitish. Hindwings with emargin-
ation rounded-rectangular, apical process +; whitish ; cilia
whitish.

Q., Stradbroke Island, in November ; one specimen.

EpIrpHTHORA LEPTOCONIA 2. Sp.

Aentoxovios, slightly dusty.

g 13 mm. Head and thorax whitish with slight
fuscous irroration. Palpi whitish with a few fuscous scales ;
second joint with a very short apical tuft ; terminal joint 4.
Antenne grey, towards base whitish. Abdomen grey.
Legs whitish irrorated with fuscous, -more densely on

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. lll

anterior pair. Forewings with costa gently arched, apex
acute ; whitish sparsely irrorated with fuscous ; sometimes
dots beneath fold at 4, 4 and tornus, but these are not
always defined, cilia whitish, irrerated with fuscous round
apex. Hindwings with emargination rectangular, apical
process 1; whitish-grey, cilia ochreous-whitish.

N.S.W., Mt. Kosciusko (5,000 feet), in March; four
specimens,

Gen. IDIOBELA no”.

idvoBedoc, with peculiar weapons (palpi).

Antenne shorter than forewings, without pecten.
Labial palpi long, curved, ascending, second joint smoothly
and densely scaled with short projecting apical tuft beneath,
terminal joint shorter than second, rather stout, acute,
a series of long hairs posteriorly from base to middle, form-
ing a posterior tuft, which does not extend so far as apex.
Forewings narrow, 2 and 3 separate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to
costa. Hindwings elongate-trapezoidal, apex acute, pro-
duced, termen emarginate ; cilia 3 to 4; 3 and 4 remote.
5 approximated to 4, 6 and 7 approximated at base,
Posterior tibie of ¢ with inner middle spur very long.

A development of Megacraspedus.

IpIOBELA ISCHNOPTILA 7”. Sp.

ioyvontiAoc, narrow-winged.

©. 11 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous-
whitish. Palpi ochreous-whitish, external surface of second
joint except base and extreme apex, and apex of terminal
joint, dark-fuscous irrorated with fuscous. Antenne
whitish annulated with fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish ;
anterior tibiz and tarsi densely, middle slightly irrorated
with fuscous. Forewings narrow-elongate, apex acute ;
ochreous-whitish irrorated with pale-fuscous, an elongate
blackish subcostal dot near base, and another at +; blackish
dots in disc on fold at 4, a second before middle, and a third
at 2 above tornus; wing beyond third dot more fuscous 3
cilia ochreous-whitish dotted with fuscous towards apex.
Hindwings and cilia pale grey.

Q. Burpengary, near Brisbane, in April ; one specimen.

112 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

MEGACRASPEDUS AENICTODES 2. sp.
aivixtwédnc, obscure.

9. 11-12 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish. Palpi
whitish ; external surface of second joint fuscous-grey —
except at apex, tuft longer than terminal joint ; terminal
joint 3. Antenne fuscous. Abdomen grey, tuft whitish-
ochreous. Legs grey. Forewings with costa gently
arched, apex acute ; fuscous ; a rather narrow whitish costal
streak from near base to 3, cilia grey with some basal
blackish scales on costa and termen towards apex. Hind-
wings with apex acute, termen obtusely emarginate ; grey ;
cilia grey.

Q., Brisbane ; three specimens.

IULOTA ISCHNORA 2. sp.

ioyvogos, thin.

gd. 10 mm. Head and thorax whitish with a few
fuscous seales. Palpi whitish, anterior surface of second
joint fuscous, terminal joint 3. Antenne grey, paler towards
base. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish; anterior
pair fuscous; middle pair irrorated with fuscous. Fore-
wings narrow, costa gently arched, apex acute, termen
very oblique ; ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark-fuscous,
which tends to be arranged in longitudinal streaks ; first
discal obsolete ; other stigmata indicated, with an additional
dot above middle ; termen irrorated with dark fuscous ;
cilia whitish irrorated with dark fuscous. Hindwings 1,
apex acute, strongly produced, termen rectangularly
emarginate ; whitish ; cilia whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in April; two specimens.

IuLOTA PHAULOPTILA 7. sp.

gaviontihoc, with shabby wings.

3¢ 2. 11-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish.
Antenne whitish annulated with fuscous. Abdomen
whitish-grey. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings with
costa moderately arched, apex acute ; whitish with scanty
pale fuscous irroration ; discal dots obsolete ; cilia whitish.
Hindwings and cilia whitish. An obscure little species.

N.S.W., Mt. Kosciusko (5,000 feet), in February and
March ; 6 specimens.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 113:

ARISTOTELIA EPICHARTA 2. SP.

émiyaotoc, delightful.

3. 9 mm. Head, palpi and thorax whitish. Antenne
pale grey, towards base whitish. (Abdomen broken).
Legs pale-fuscous ; tarsi annulated with whitish ; posterior
pair whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched, apex
pointed, termen very oblique ; 6 separate ; whitish sparsely
irrorated with fuscous ; an ochreous streak irrorated with
fuscous on costa from middle to ?, giving off at its extremity
a transverse fascia to tornus, interrupted in middle; an
ochreous terminal line; terminal edge irrorated with
blackish ; a blackish dot at apex; cilia whitish with a
blackish median line round apex. Hindwings with apex
acute, produced, termen emarginate ; whitish-grey; cilia
whitish-grey.

N.S.W., Sydney, in April; one specimen in Coll.
Lyell.

ARISTOTELIA STICHERIS 2. sp.

oTLyeolcs, streaked.

g. 12 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish ; -external
surface of second joint irrorated with fuscous except at apex ;
apex of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax
whitish mixed with fuscous. Abdomen grey, tuft whitish.
Legs fuscous ; posterior pair whitish. Forewings elongate,
costa gently arched, apex acute, 8 and 7 out of 6, pale-grey
with some fuscous irroration ; a fine blackish streak alung
fold from base, and another from base beneath costa to
4; a blackish dot in middle of dise at 3 connected by a fine
line with another at +; cilia pale-grey. Hindwings and
cilia pale-grey.

Allied to A. thetica, readily distinguished by the
longitudinal streaks.

Q., Coolangatta, in September ; one specimen.

ARISTOTELIA THEMERASTIS n. Sp.

feuweoaotic, grave, serious.
3 2. 13-14 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen grey.
Palpi with second joint long and stout, abruptly truncate

at apex, rough-scaled anteriorly, fuscous, internal surface
J

414 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

whitish ; terminal joint 2, whitish, sub-basal ring and apex
blackish. Antenne whitish annulated with blackish.
Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with whitish; posterior
pair mostly whitish. Forewings with costa straight except
near extremities. apex pointed; 6 separate; pale-grey
irrorated with darker grey ; four fuscous diseal dots, often
partly obsolete, first at 4 second on fold obliquely beyond
first, third at 2, fourth beneath and beyond third ; a slight
blackish irroration at apex and along termen; cilia grey-
whitish irrorated with blackish. Hindwings and cilia grey-
whitish.

Resembles A. thetica rather closely, but the forewings
are grey, not fuscous, and the antenne annulated with
whitish, the neuration is also different.

N.S.W., Mt. Kosciusko (5,000 feet, near Hotel), in
January ; 5 specimens.

ARISTOTELIA CRYPSIXANTHA 2. Sp.

xovptéavOoc, with hidden yellow.

g. 12-13 mm. Head and thorax fuscous, slightly
ochreous-tinged. Palpi with second joint rough-scaled
anteriorly, fuscous, a few scattered scales and internal
surface whitish ; terminal joint 3, whitish, sub-basal ring
and apex blackish. Antenne blackish. Abdomen dark-
fuscous. Legs dark-fuscous. Forewings with costa
straight except towards extremities, apex pointed; 6
separate ; grey ; obscure ochreous streaks from base beneath
costa to 4, along fold, and in middle from 4 to termen ;
a short blackish streak on fold near base ; a blackish discal
dot at 4 and sometimes another at 3; some blackish scales
at apex ; cilia pale-grey irrorated with dark-fuscous. Hind-
wings and cilia grey.

Nearly allied to the preceding but distinct by the
wholly blackish antenne, ochreous streaks on forewings,
and darker hindwings. It was taken in the same week on
a different part of the mountain.

N.S.W., Mt. Kosciusko (5,500 to 6,000 feet, near
~* Pretty Point ’’), in January ; two specimens.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 115

ARISTOTELIA FERRITINCTA 2. Sp.
ferritinctus, rusty-tinged.

3. 10-11 mm. Head ochreous-whitish with some
fuscous irroration on crown. Palpi ochreous-whitish
irrorated with dark-fuscous, second joint with sub-basal
and subapical, terminal joint with basal and subapical
dark fuscous rings. Antenne grey with dark-fuscous
annulations. Thorax ochreous-whitish irrorated with
fuscous. Abdomen grey, basal segments ochreous-
tinged on dorsum. Legs dark-fuscous irrorated, and tarsi
annulated, with ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex pointed ; 6 separate ; ochreous-whitish
densely irrorated with dark fuscous; a ferruginous sub-
costal dot near base ; a ferruginous line along fold from
base ; discal dots surrounded by ferruginous, first discal
at 4, plical immediately beneath it, third dot above middle,
fourth above tornus ; cilia pale-grey with some dark-fuscous
basal irroration. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

Q., Toowoomba, in April; two specimens.

ARISTOTELIA EURYPSOLA 2. Sp.

evovyodos, broadly dark.

dg. 16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax
fuscous. Abdomen grey, beneath ochreous-whitish. Legs
-fuscous; posterior pair ochreous whitish. Forewings
elongate, costa nearly straight except towards apex; apex
acute ; 6 separate ; fuscous; markings dark-fuscous ; an
oblique line from costa near base to fold ; a costal dot at 4,
an irregular discal blotch before middle, limited beneath
by fold ; another blotch at tornus ; a costal dot at 2, and an
apical suffusion; cilia fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark-
grey.

N.S.W., Sydney, in August ; one specimen received from
Dr. R. J. Tillyard.

_ ARISTOTELIA TURBIDA 2. sp.
turbidus, confused.
dg. 10 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish ; second
joint with basal and subapical blackish bars on external
surface ; terminal joint with blackish basal and subapical

116 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

annulations. Antennz fuscous. Thorax ochreous-whitish
with some fuscous irroration. Abdomen grey, tuft whitish.
Legs fuscous irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with whitish.
Forewings with costa gently arched, apex pointed; 6
separate ; ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark-fuscous ;
a dark-fuscous dot near base above fold; a discal dot at
2 confluent with another beneath it on fold to form an
‘irregular spot ; a spot above middle before 4, and another
beneath middle beyond 4; cilia pale-grey with some dark-
fuscous irroration around apex. Hindwings and cilia pale-
grey.
Q., Brisbane, in January ; one specimen.

THIOTRICHA ACROCELEA 7. sp.

axooxndeos, shining at the apex.

Q.9 mm. Head and thorax shining-white. Palpi
white. Antennze white towards base, towards apex dark
grey. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs white ; anterior tibie
and tarsi dark grey. Forewings narrow, costa straight,
apex round-pointed ; shining-white ; apical fourth bright.
orange from costa to termen ; a suffused grey dorsal spot:
precedes orange area; a black spot at apex; a black dot
on termen above middle preceded by a white dot; cilia
pale grey, round apex ochreous-tinged with a thick blackish
median line. Hindwings with apical process }; pale-grey ;
apical process ochreous-tinged towards extremities with a
black dot on extreme apex ; cilia pale-grey, on apex whitish
with a blackish median dot.

The ornamentation of apex of hindwings should be
noted. This and the following two species are very similar.
In acrocelea the orange patch extends across forewing from
costa to termen, in prosoestea it is separated from termen
by two white dots, in panglycera it is separated also from
costa by a grey streak containing a white dot.

N.Q., Cairns district ; one specimen received from Mr.
¥. P. Dodd.

THIOTRICHA PROSOESTEA 2. Sp.

moocoloteoc, additional.
6.8mm. Head and thorax shining-white. Palpi
white. Antenne towards base white, towards apex grey ;

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 117

giliations in ¢ 3. Abdomen pale-grey, tuft whitish. Legs
white ; anterior tibie grey; all tarsi mostly grey. Fore-
wings narrow, costa straight, apex round-pointed ; shining
white some grey suffusion along dorsum; a bright orange
apical patch occupying apical fifth of wing, but separated
from termen by two white spots divided by grey; a broad
grey fascia precedes apical patch; a black apical dot
continued along upper part of termen ; cilia grey-whitish,
a dark-fuscous median line around apex. Hindwings with
apical process +; pale-grey; a black dot at apex; cilia
pale-grey, at apex white with a blackish median bar.

N.Q., Kuranda near Cairns, in October; three speci-
mens received from Mr, F. P. Dodd.

THIOTRICHA PANGLYCERA 7”. Sp.

nayyAvzeoocs, sweetest of all.

dS Y. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax shining-white.
Palpi white, apex of terminal joint grey ; terminal joint of
¢d thickened and rough-scaled posteriorly towards apex.
Antennz towards base white, towards apex grey, ciliations
of 9g 5. Abdomen pale-grey, tuft ochreous -whitish.
Legs white ; anterior tibie and tarsi fuscous ; middle and
posterior tarsi with fuscous annulations. Forewings
narrow, costa straight, apex round-pointed ; shining white ;
apical 2 grey, line of junction suffused ; a broad orange
subcostal streak from 2 to near apex ; a white dot between
this and costa at %; an oblique white streak from tornus
to centre of orange mark, nearly confluent with a shorter
white streak from termen; a blackish dot separates this
last from a white streak along termen to apex ; a subapical
blackish dot; cilia pale-grey, a dark-fuscous line around
apex. Hindwings with apical process }; pale-grey ; apical
process ochreous-tinged with a blackish dot at apex; cilia
pale-grey, at apex white with a median transverse blackish
bar. Very like T. oxytheces (which has ¢ ciliations 3),
but with peculiar 3 palpi, forewings whiter with bright
orange streak.

N.Q., Cairns and Kuranda, in June ; 13 specimens.

118 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

THIOTRICHA ARGYREA 1. Sp.
aoyveeos, silvery.

9.12 mm. Head and thorax shining-white. Palpn
white. Antenne white, towards apex dark-fuscous.
(Abdomen broken). Legs white; anterior tibize ard tarsi
blackish ; middle and posterior tarsi annulated with blackish.
Forewings with costa straight, apex pointed; shining-
white ; three suffused grey dorsal blotches, sub-basal,
median and tornal; a short oblique grey streak from ¢
costa, succeeded by a narrow parallel blackish streak ;.
a blackish apical dot ; cilia grey, on middle of termen bases
white, with a shining metallic oblique bar beneath apex.
Hindwings with apical process 3; grey; cilia grey, at apex
white with a subapical fuscous bar.

N.Q., Atherton, in June ; one specimen.

THIOTRICHA ACRONIPHA.
axoovipos, with snow white apex.

2. 11 mm. Head, palpi and thorax white. Antenne:
white, extreme apex grey. Abdomen whitish. Legs
whitish ; anterior tibiz and tarsi fuscous anteriorly. Fore-
wings with costa straight, apex pointed ; whitish, towards
apex slightly ochreous-tinged ; a short longitudinel fuscous
streak ending in termen below middle; from its anterior
end a similar streak parallel to termen; a short oblique
streak from costa at %; an elongate clear white apical dot
edged above with black beneath with fuscous ; cilia pale-
grey, bases ochreous-tinged on apex with a slight fuscous
median line. Hindwings with apical process }; pale-grey ;
a minute fuscous apical dot; cilia pale-grey, on apex
whitish with fuscous apices.

Q , Stradbroke Island, in December ; one specimen.

THIOTRICHA HEMIPHAEA 2. Sp.

Eutpaiog, half-dusky.

3. 10 mm. Head shining-white. Palpi fuscous,.
internal surface white. Antenne fuscous, darker towards
apex, basal joint white, ciliations in g 3. Thorax grey-
whitish. Abdomen grey. Legs white ; anterior tibie and

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 119°

tarsi dark-fuscous ; middle and posterior tarsi suffused with
grey. Forewings with costa straight, apex round-pointed ;
grey ; towards base suffused with silvery white except for
a long dorsal wedge, broadest at base ; a white costal dot
at 2; black dots on apex and mid-termen, edged anteriorly
with white ; cilia grey, round apex with bases ferruginous.
Hindwings with apical process }; grey; an apical fuscous
dot, cilia grey, on apex whitish with a fuscous subapical

dot.
Q., Toowoomba, in October; one specimen.

Gen. HELCYSTOGRAMMA.

Dectobathra Meyr., P.U.S. N.S.W., 1904, p. 299.

In choristis Meyr. and amethystina Meyr. veins 2 and 3
of forewings are stalked, and to these the name Dectobathra
should be restricted. This has been recognised by Mr.
Meyrick (Exot. Micro. ii, p. 144), but in the same place he
has sunk this name to Helcystogramma, a genus for which
I at present do not know the reference. He also establishes
the genus Julactis with a new species semifusca (which I
possess) as the type, to include also insignis Meyr. But
in my opinion these last two species are Xyloryctine, and
should be referred to the genus Plectophila Meyr. or at-
least very near it. Vein 2 of the forewings in them arises
from 2 or 3.

HELCYSTOGRAMMA ZAPYRODES 2. Sp.

Canvowdye, fiery.

2.10 mm. Head fuscous. Palpi grey ; second joint:
marked by transverse ridges on external surface ; inner
surface of terminal joint whitish. Antenne dark-fuscous.
Thorax fuscous with some ochreous scales posteriorly.
Abdomen dark-fuscous, beneath ochreous, tuft whitish.
Legs whitish on under surface, upper surface fuscous with
whitish bars. Forewings elongate-oblong, dilated poster-
iorly, costa straight, obtusely angled before apex, apex
rounded, termen straight, transverse, obtusely angled above
tornus ; fuscous,; an orange dorsal patch containing some
fuscous scales; three oblique leaden-metallic lines from
costa, first near base, second at 1}, third from middle ; second

120 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

line longer, acutely angled in disc, and extending to dorsal
patch ; third line giving off a fine orange line to tornus,
obtusely bent in disc, and preceded by two or three longi-
tudinal orange streaks ; a leaden-metallic transverse line
from tornus to angle of costa ; beyond this an orange apical
patch partly traversed by some black lines from anterior
edge ; a black terminal line ; cilia orange, on mid-termen
bases leaden-metallic. Hindwings dark-fuscous, towards
base suffusedly orange ; cilia fuscous, on apex yellowish,
on dorsum orange.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in June; one specimen
taken flying by day.

HELCYSTOGRAMMA EUARGYRA 2. Sp.
evaoyveoc, well-silvered.

g. 12mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi fuscous.
Antenne fuscous, apices whitish. Abdomen grey, towards
base ochreous-whitish. Legs whitish on lower surface,
upper surface fuscous barred with whitish. Forewings
elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa straight, obtusely angled
before apex, apex round-pointed, slightly projecting, termen
straight, transverse, towards tornus strongly oblique ;
whitish ; on dorsal half suffused with fuseous; a short
fuscous strigula on costa at 4 and another on middle ; an
elongate-triangular fuscous spot on costa at 3; a broad silvery
transverse line from termen beyond tornus to near costa
before apex ; four longitudinal black streaks beyond this ;
a black terminal line; cilia whitish with fuscous apices,
on mid-termen silvery. Hindwings grey, towards base
ochreous-whitish ; cilia grey, on apex and dorsum ochreous-
whitish.

Q., Killarney, in November ; one specimen.

Gen. PAURONEURA.

maveovevoog, with tew nervures.

Antenne shorter than forewings, without jpecten.
Labial palpi very long, smooth-scaled, slender, recurved ;
second joint exceeding base of antenne; terminal joint
longer than second, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3 separate,

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 121

3 and 4 connate or approximated, 5 absent, 7 to costa, 8
absent. Hindwings considerably over one, apex obtuse,
termen not sinuate, cilia } ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 approximated
to 4, 6 and 7 rather approximated, 7 arising from before
angle.

Allied to Chaliniastis, with the loss of an additional
vein in the forewing, which is peculiarly shaped. Both
genera are allied to Helcystogramma.

PAURONEURA BRACHYSTICHA n. Sp.

Boaxvottyos, short-streaked.

9.16 mm. Head, palpi, thorax and abdomen
‘brownish-fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous. Legs ochreous-
whitish beneath, upper surface fuscous with whitish bars on
tarsi. Forewings moderately elongate, costa rather
strongly arched, more so towards apex, apex obtuse, termen
short, at first transverse, then obliquely rounded ; whitish,
unevenly suffused with brownish fuscous ; a moderate dark
basal patch, short on costa, longer on dorsum; a dark
costal mark at 4; a large dorsal blotch confluent with a
terminal suffusion ; a short outwardly oblique whitish streak
from 2 costa, narrowly edged with dark-fuscous, followed by
three whitish dots similarly edged; a suffused silvery-
white transverse mark from termen beyond tornus not
reaching costa, cutting across two whitish dark-centred
longitudinal streaks from ? to termen ; an elongate whitish
apical dot, with a large dark-fuscous spot beneath it ; cilia
ochreous-whitish with a dark-fuscous median line, beneath
apex with fuscous apices. Hindwings and cilia fuscous ;
‘base of costa white.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in November and May ;
two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

Gen. SCINDALMOTA nov.

oxwdadpuotoc, like a splinter.

Antenne 2; without pecten, in ¢ minutely ciliated.
Labial palpi moderately long, recurved; second joint
smooth-scaled ; terminal joint nearly as long as second,
acute. Forewings with 2 and 3 separate, parallel, 6, 7, 8

122 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

stalked, 6 separating before 8, 7 to costa. Hindwings about
13, apex acute, produced, termen strongly sinuate ; 3 and 4
long-stalked, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 long-stalked.

In the neighbourhood of Anacampsis, Curt.
(Apoerema, Durr.) The stalking of both 3 and 4, and 6
and 7, of hindwings nearly to margin seems sufficient:
distinction.

SCINDALMOTA LIMATA 7. sp.

limatus, polished.

3. 14 mm. Head and palpi white. Antenne grey ;:
ciliations in g 4. Thorax whitish-ochreous. Abdomen
pale-grey, tuft whitish. Legs fuscous annulated with
whitish ; posterior pair mostly whitish. Forewings narrow,
costa straight, apex acute, termen very oblique; whitish
mostly suffused with whitish-ochreous; a large central
brownish spot partly outlined by blackish seales, connected
with dorsum before tornus ; a brownish dot on costa just
beyond middle ; a brownish fascia partly outlined by blackish
scales from 2 costa to tornus, constricted towards tornus ;
cilia grey with slight fuscous irroration. Hirdwings and
cilia pale-grey.

Q., Sandgate, near Brisbane, in September, one
specimen.

Gen. CATAMECES nov.

xataunuycs, very long.

Antenne #; without pecten. Labial palpi long ; second
joint very long, anteriorly thickened with long rough seales
which form a small apical tuft; terminal joint about 4
second, rather stout, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3
separate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings 1, apex
pointed, strongly produced, termen sinuate ; 3 and 4 widely
separate, 5 arising from nearer 6 than 4, 6 ard 7 separate,
nearly parallel.

A distinct and isolated genus of uncertain affinity.

CATAMECES THIOPHARA 2. Sp.

fewopagos, sulphur-robed.

3. 20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax pale-
yellow. (Abdomen broken). Legs pale-yellow. Fore-

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 123

.
wings elongate, costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen
nearly straight, very oblique ; pale-yellow ; an apical blotch
of brownish-ochreous irroration with a suffused margin
extending from 3 costa to termen beyond tornus ; cilia
ochreous. Hindwings pale-grey ; cilia ochreous.

Q., Adavale, in April ; one specimen.

GELECHIA PYRAMIDOPHORA %. Sp.

mveaploopooos, with pyramidal markings.

¢. 138 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-
whitish ; second joint with sub-basal and subterminal dark-
fuscous rings ; terminal joint with apex and a broad median
ring dark-fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish with fuscous
annulations. Thorax fuscous-brown. Abdomen = grey.
Legs fuscous irrorated, and tibize and tarsi annulated, with
ochreous-whitish. Forewings narrow, costa straight except
near base and apex, apex pointed, termen extremely
oblique ; ochreous-grey-whitish ; markings fuscous ; a spot
on base of costa, another at 4, several dots between this and
middie, a narrow costal blotch beyond middle and a large
spot before apex; an angular blotch on base of dorsum
reaching fold; a large pyramidal blotch on 4 dorsum, its
apex nearly reaching costa; a smaller similar blotch on
tornus, its apex reaching middle of disc; cilia ochreous-
grey-whitish. Hindwings about 1, apex acute, strongly
produced, termen rectangularly emarginate ; pale-grey ; cilia
grey-whitish.

Q., Adavale, in April; one specimen.

GELECHIA CHALCOTORA 2. Sp.

yahxotooos, brassy.

g. 14 mm. Head brassy-whitish. Palpi whitish ;
second joint slightly roughened anteriorly. Antenne
fuscous. Thorax brassy-fuscous. Abdomen grey, tuft
whitish. Legs fuscous; posterior pair paler; tarsi and
apices of tibie grey-whitish. Forewings with costa nearly
straight except close to base and apex, apex round-pointed,
termen obliquely rounded ; brassy-fuscous ; an ill-defined,
rather broad, median, transverse, pale fascia; cilia grey,

124 AUSTRALIAN GELECHTANAE
apices paler. Hindwings with termen strongly sinuate ;
6 and 7 closely approximated at base ; grey ; cilia grey.

Q., Toowoomba, in April; one specimen.

Gen. PLATYEDRA.

Platyedra, Saund., Meyr., Exot. Micro. ui, p. 136.

Closely allied to Gelechia, but differing in the presence
of a pecten on the basal joint of antenne.

PLATYEDRA GOSSYPIELLA Saund.

36 2. 15-18 mm. Head whitish-brown. Palpi
whitish-brown ; second joint barred with dark-fuscous on
external surface at base and before apex ; terminal joint
with basal and subterminal dark-fuscous annulations.
Antenne brownish ; basal joint with a pecten of five or six
scales. Thorax brownish. Abdomen grey. Legs dark-
fuscous annulated with whitish ; dorsal hairs on posterior
tibie whitish. Forewings rather narrow, costa nearly
straight, apex rounded; pale-brown unevenly irrorated
with dark-fuscous ; markings obscure, a narrow sub-basal
fascia, a discal dot at 4, a second beneath it on fold, and a
third below middle at 2, but these may be obsolete and lost
in suffusion ; a suffused subapical fascia; cilia pale-grey,
bases partly fuscous. Hindwings with apex slightly pro-
duced, termen sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

A pest to the cotton, doubtless introduced. I suspect
it feeds on other Malvaceae.

N.A., Port Darwin and Batchelor (G. F. Hill).

Q., Brisbane, in August, December and March.

STEGASTA TENEBRICOSA 2. Sp.

tenebricosus, dark.

9. 20 mm. Head and thorax blackish with scanty
whitish irroration. Palpi blackish with some white scales,
internal surface mostly whitish. Antenne blackish.
Abdomen dark-grey. Legs dark-fuscous ; tarsi annulated
with whitish ; posterior tibia mostly whitish. Forewings
with costa moderately arched, apex rounded, termen
obliquely rounded ; blackish sparsely irrorated with whitish ;

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 125

without defined markings ; cilia dark-grey, bases blackish
obscurely barred with whitish. Hindwings nearly twice
as broad as forewings, apex round-pointed, termen slightly
sinuate ; pale-grey; cilia pale-grey.

The palpi are considerably shorter than in the type
species, and scarcely reach vertex ; veins 3 and 4 are stalked
in both wings.

Q., Redcliffe, near Brisbane, in August ; one specimen.

PHTYORIMAEFA SILIGNITIS n. sp.

oltdvyyitic, floury.

36 2. 10-12 mm. Head, palpi and antennz whitish.
Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen whitish, base of
dorsum ochreous-tinged. Legs whitish. Forewings
narrow, costa slightly arched, apex acute ; ochreous-whitish
with scanty pale ochreous-fuscous irroration more or less
pronounced ; a fuscous dot on fold before middle and
another above tornus ; cilia whitish, sometimes with fuscous
irroration. Hindwings as broad as forewings, apex acute
and strongly produced, termen emarginate ; whitish ; cilia
whitish.

N.Q., Cardwell in August; Townsville in September ;
Mareeba in August. Q., Brisbane in August, September
and February ; Mt. Tambourine in October ; Dalby in April ;
thirteen specimens.

PHITHORIMAEA NONYMA 2. Sp.

vovvuog, undistinguished.

3. 12 mm. Head, palpi and thorax whitish-brown.
Antenne grey. Abdomen grey. Legs pale-fuscous ;
posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings narrow, costa
gently arched, apex pointed, termen extremely oblique ;
whitish-brown with a few fuscous scales towards apex ;
stigmata fuscous, first discal before middle, second discal
beyond middle, plical beneath first discal; cilia whitish
with some brown irroration. Hindwings with apex tolerably
pointed, termen sinuate ; whitish ; cilia whitish.

Nearest P. petrinodes Meyr., but with fewer spots.

V., Gisborne, in November; one specimen in Coll.
Lyell.

126 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

PHTHORIMAEA PLAESIOSEMA 2. SDP.

aihaiutoonnoc, with squarish marking.

dg. 15 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi
whitish ; second and terminal joints with basal and
subapical fuscous rings. Antenne whitish with fuscous
annulations. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, dorsum of
basal segment irrorated with fuscous except apices.
Legs fuscous irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with fuscous ;
posterior pair paler. Forewings narrow, costa slightly
arched, apex round-pointed, termen very oblique ; whitish
with fuscous irroration and markings ; an obscure sub-basal
fascia ; an oblong blotch extending on costa from } to 2?
reaching fold ; a-median spot ; a brownish apical suffusion ;
cilia whitish irrorated with fuscous. Hindwing with apex
pointed, termen strongly sinuate; grey-whitish; cilia
whitish.

Nearest P. leucocephala, Low. Type in Coll. Goldfinch,
N.S.W., Sydney, in November ; one specimen.

SAROTORNA MYRRHINA 2. SD.

myrrhinus, yellowish.

3 9. 12-18 mm. Head white; sides and lower edge
of face fuscous. Palpi rather short, not much exceeding
vertex ; second joint much thickened with rough szales
anteriorly ; terminal joint less than half second, rather stout,
acute ; white, basal third of second joint fuscous on external
surface. Antenne whitish, towards base fuscous. Thorax
white, anterior margin fuscous, more broadly so in centre.
Abdomen pale ochreous-brown, tuft whitish. Legs fuscous
annulated with ochreous-whitish ; posterior pair pale-
ochreous. Forewings with costa slightly arched, apex
round-pointed, termen obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous
fuscous ; markings white, ill-defined ; a broad sub-basal
fascia ; a dorsal suffusion confluent with fascia ; an ill-defined
costal mark at 4, a more distinct inwardly-oblique curved
line from 2 costa to tornus; cilia pale-ochreous, bases
irrorated with fuscous. Hindwings over 1, apex pointed,
slightly produced ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-ochreous.

Q., Mt. Tambourine in November; Warwick and
Killarney in October ; three specimens.

BY A. JEFFER S TURNER. 127

Gen. LioZANCLA nov.

Aevolayxdog, with smooth sickles (palpi).

Antenne about ?; basal joint with a moderate pecten
of half a dozen scales; in ¢ slightly serrate towards apex,
otherwise simple. Palpi moderately long, recurved ; second
joint rather slender, smooth-scaled ; terminal joint nearly
as long as second, slender, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3
widely separate, parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hind-
wings 1, apex round-pointed, termen not ‘sinuate; 3 and
4 connate, 4, 5, 6, 7, equidistant, parallel.

Differs from Phthorimaea in the antennal pecten and
‘smooth palpi.

LIOZANCLA HOLOPHAA Nn. sp.
dAogatos, wholly dark.

g. 12-14 mm. Head, palpi, antenne and_ thorax
dark-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous ; (posterior
pair broken). Forewings rather narrow, costa straight,
bent towards apex, apex round-pointed, termen very
obliquely rounded ; dark-fuscous ; cilia fuscous. Hindwings
and cilia grey.

N.S.W., Ebor, in January ; V., Gisborne in November
and December ; three specimens.

EPIMIMASTIS CATOPTA 2. Sp.
x#ATOMTOS, Conspicuous.

dg. 10-14 mm. Head pale-yellow ; face dark-fuscous.
Palpi dark-fuscous ; terminal joint pale-yellow. Antenne
and thorax pale-yellow. Abdomen grey, tuft pale-yellow.
Legs grey ; tarsi annulated with whitish. Forewings with
costa nearly straight, slightly arched before apex, apex
rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; pale-yellow ; markings
-dark fuscous ; a triangular spot on costa from } to middle,
‘thickening towards apex; a dot on fold, another on costa
at 3, an apical triangular spot traversed by a fine wavy
oblique white line ; a blackish terminal line round apex ;
cilia pale-yellow. Hindwings with apex pointed, termen
slightly sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

Q., Brisbane, in October and April ; eight specimens.

128 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

Gen. ELACHYPTERYX nov.

éhayunteové, small-winged.

Antenne less than 1; without pecten; in ¢ simple.
Palpi moderately long ; second joint thickened and slightly
roughened anteriorly ; terminal joint nearly as long as
second, slender, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3 separate
and parallel, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings 1, termen not:
sinuate, 3 and 4 connate, 5, 6, 7, separate, nearly parallel.

Type LH. suffusca. The genus consists of two small
inconspicuous species which in their neuration resemble
Chaliniastis Meyr., but may be distinguished by their much
narrower hindwings. I do not think there is any really
near relationship.

ELACHYPTERYX ANALCIS Nn. Sp.

avaduic, weak.

6. 9-10 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen fuscous-
brown. Palpi fuscous-brown, internal surface whitish.
Antenne fuscous-brown becoming fuscous towards apex.
Legs ochreous-whitish ; upper surface of anterior and middle
tibiz and ta:si white, but apical tarsal joint of anterior
pair fuscous. Forewings with costa gently arched, apex
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous-brown ;
cilia whitish-brown. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns; Q., Mt. Tambourine,
in November ; five specimens.

ELACHYPTERYX SUFFUSCA 2. Sp.

suffuscus, dark-brown.

¢ 2. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous-
brown. Palpi pale-ochreous. Antennzfuscous. Abdomen
fuscous-brown. Legs ochreous-whitish; upper surface of
anterior and middle tibiz white, the former with a dark-
fuscous internal streak; upper surface of anterior tarsi
white with three dark-fuscous bars ; upper surface of middle
tarsi dark-fuscous with one white bar. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ;
brown with slight fuscous irroration ; a transverse fuscous
mark from tornus half across disc ; cilia brown. Hindwings
and cilia grey-whitish. .

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 129

The coloration of the legs, which as in the last species.
is peculiar, is alike in both sexes.

Q., Mt. Tambourine in September; Killarney in
November ; five specimens.

CRASPEDOTIS DIASTICHA n. sp.

Otaottyoc, with a line running through.

Q.13 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen grey. Palpi
very long; second joint exceeding vertex ; terminal joint
2, grey-whitish. Antenne pale-grey. Legs grey-whitish ;
posterior pair whitish. Forewings with costa rather strongly
arched, apex pointed, termen oblique; whitish-grey; a
broad fuscous median streak from base to apex, giving off
a short branch along fold ; a fuscous terminal line from apex
to a large tornal spot nearly confluent with median streak ;
cilia whitish-grey. Hindwings and cilia grey-whitish

N.S.W., Sydney, in January ; one specimen.

PRODOSIARCHA GLAGERA 2. Sp.
yAayeoos, milky.
dg. ll mm. Head, palpi, antenne and thorax whitish.
Abdomen grey. Legs whitish. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very oblique ;
whitish, with pale ochreous-grey irroration which forms
slender streaks along fold, from base of costa through dise
to apex, and along costa; cilia whitish with a few pale
ochreous-grey scales. Hindwings over 1, apex pointed,
termen slightly sinuate ; whitish, cilia whitish.
N.Q., Cairns, in October; one specimen.

Gen. CorYNZA nov.

xoovvatoc, clubbed (in allusion to second joint of palpi)

Antenne 2; in 6 simple; without pecten. Palpi.
long ; second joint greatly thickened towards apex by long
appressed hairs, at apex its breadth is half length of joint ;
terminal joint 3, slender, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3
stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings 14, apex
pointed, termen scarcely sinuate ; 3 and 4stalked, 5 approxi-
mated at base to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

Near Hemiarcha Meyr., from which it is distinguished
by the palpi.

130 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

CoRYN/A DILECHRIA 7. Sp.

dtAeyowocs, twice oblique.

3. 12 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous.
Antenne fuscous arnulated with blackish. (Abdomen
broken). Legs dark-fuscous ; posterior peir except tarsi
grey ; all tarsi annulated with whitish. Forewings narrow,
costa arched near base, thence straight, apex obtusely
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; basal
and terminal areas suffused with ochreous-brown ; a broad,
outwardly oblique, ochreous-whitish streak from } costa
not reaching dorsum, broadly edged with dark-fuscous ;
an inwardly oblique, inwardly curved, ochreous-whitish
fascia from ? costa to tornus; an interrupted blackish
terminal line; cilia fusecous, bases whitish-ochreous.
Hindwings and cilia grey.

N.Q., Atherton (2,500 feet), in June ; one specimen.

Gen. MAcROZANCLA nov.

paxoolayxdoc, with long sickles (palpi).

Antenne 3; without pecten. Palpi very long, re-
curved ; second joint moderately long, apical half thickened
with rough scales above and beneath ; terminal joint twice
as long as second, slender, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3
stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings nearly
14, termen sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7
stalked.

A derivative of Hemiarcha differing only in the palpi.

MACROZANCLA MENDICA 7”. Sp.

mendicus, beggarly.

9.15 mm. Head and thorax whitish-grey ; sides of
face fuscous. Palpi whitish ; outer surface of second joint
except apex fuscous. Antenne pale-grey. Abdomen grey.
Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderately broad, costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen obliquely
rounded ; whitish-grey ; some minute fuscous dots near
base beneath costa, and above and beneath fold ; a dot on
fold before middle, other discal dets cbsolete ; a dot on

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 13]

-tornus and a few fuscous scales before termen ; cilia whitish-
grey (much abraded). Hindwings and cilia dark-grey.

Q., Gympie, in April ; one specimen.

Gen. EURYZANCLA nov.

evovlayxioc, with broad sickles (palpi).

Antenne ?; without pecten; in ¢ minutely ciliated.
Palpi moderately long, recurved; second joint much
thickened with scales towards apex, anteriorly rough-
scaled, posteriorly with loose spreading heirs on apieal
half; terminal joint as long as second, slender, acute.
Forewings with 2 and 3 stalked, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa.
Hindwings broader then forewings (about 14), apex
-obtusely pointed, termen slightly sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate,
5 somewhat approximated to 4 at origin, 6 and 7 stalked.

Type EL. melanophylla. Differs from Hemiarcha in
the palpi, of which the second joint is strongly dilated at
apex with rough projecting hairs posteriorly.

EuRYZANCLA MELANOPHYLLA 2. sp.
pedavopvdios, black-winged.

g. 13mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish-fuscous.
Antenne blackish-fuscous ; ciliations in ¢g 4. Abdomen
-dark-grey. Legs blackish-fuscous; posterior pair grey.
Forewings rather narrow, not dilated costa gently arched,
apex obtusely-rectangular, termen slightly oblique ; blackish-
‘fuscous with obscure blackish dots; a median spot at }
extending on both sides of fold, a median dot at ?, shortly
‘preceded by a dot nearer costa, and by another on fold,
‘and another median dot a 3; terminal edge blackish, cilia
grey with two or three fuscous bars. Hindwings and cilia
-grey.

Q., Brisbane, in February ; one specimen.

EURYZANCLA POLYOMMATA 7”. sp.

moAvo “patos, many-eyed.

2. 14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark-grey.
Antenne grey with fuscous annulations. Abdomen grey,
tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs dark-grey; posterior pair
paler. Forewings of moderate breadth, slightly dilated

k32 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen
rather strongly oblique; grey with conspicuous blackish
dots ; a larger median dot at 3, preceded by a smaller dot
beneath fold, a small median dot at 3, preceded by a larger
dot on fold, a dot above middle, and a median dot at ?, a
dot on tornus, another between this and third median dot,
and sometimes a dot preceding this last ; a series of dots.
round apex and on termen; cilia grey. Hindwings and
cilia grey.
N.S.W., Sydney, in March ; one specimen.

HEMIARCHA BLEPTODES 7. Sp.

Biextwons, conspicuous.

9.14 mm. Head white, anterior part of crown
fuscous. Palpi white ; second joint with basal and subapical
terminal joint with subapical, blackish rings. Antenne
blackish. Thorax blackish with some whitish irroration.
Abdomen grey. Legs dark-fuscous annulated with whitish ;
posterior ‘pair mostly whitish. Forewings somewhat
dilated posteriorly, costa nearly straight, apex obtusely
pointed, termen obliquely rounded ; blackish suffused and
irrorated with white ; markings white ; six dots on costa,
the three basal rather elongate and more or less produced
into dise ; an oblique fascia from 4 costa to mid-dorsum,
its anterior edge twice indented, posterior edge less defined ;
a postmedian central discal spot divided by a narrow trans-
verse septum; an ill-defined narrow subterminal fascia ;
a slender interrupted submarginal line ; cilia white, bases
barred with fuscous, apices fuscous. Hindwings with apex
round-pointed, termen scarcely sinuate ; pale-grey; cilia
whitish with a pale-grey sub-basal line.

N.S.W. Glen Innes (3,500 feet) in October ; one speci-
men. Since writing this description I have come across
a second example which shows that the species is somewhat
variable. g. 12 mm. Palpi with terminal joint blackish
at base. Forewings more suffused with whitish, a broad
whitish sub-basal fascia preceding an irregular blackish
discal spot ; median fascia reduced to an ill-defined central
suffusion.

Q., Warwick, in November.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 155,

HEMIARCHA TETRASTICTA 2. Sp.

Tetoaotlxtoc, four-spotted.

g. 10-12 mm. Head whitish-brown. Palpi whitish-
brown irrorated with fuscous. Antenne dark-fuscous.
Thorax and abdomen whitish-brown more or less suffused
with fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish with some fuscous
irroration ; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex obtusely pointed, termen very obliquely
rounded ; whitish-brown more or less suffused with fuscous ;
four conspicuous dark-fuscous spots, a median spot at 2,
first discal at 4, plical before first discal, second discal
before 2; cilia whitish-brown mixed with fuscous. Hind-.
wings with apex acute, termen strongly sinuate ; pale-grey ;
cilia pale-grey, bases sometimes ochreous-whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in January, April and May, and a wasted
example, perhaps hibernated in August; eight specimens.

HeEMIARCHA POLIOLEUCA 2. Sp.

mohwhevxog, grey-white.

2.13 mm. Head and thorax pale-grey. Palpi pale-
grey; apex aid inner surface of second joint whitish.
Antenne grey, towards base whitish. Abdomen grey-
whitish. Legs pale-grey; posterior pair whitish. Fore-
wings with costa strongly arched, apex pointed, termen very
oblique ; pale-grey ; costa suffusedly whitish from base ‘to
3; cilia pale-grey. Hindwings with termen searcely sinuate ;
whitish ; cilia whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in September; ore specimen.

HeEMIARCHA CALIGINOSA 7. Sp.

caliginosus, foggy, misty.

g. 11 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-ochreous.
Pelpi ochreous-whitish. Antenne grey. Abdomen grey,
tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings
with costa nearly straight, apex pointed, termen very oblique;
ochreous-whitish with general but somewhat patchy fuscous
suffusion ; discal dots indistinct, first before middle, plical
shortly before first disca], second discal at 2; cilia ochreous-

134 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

whitish with some fuscous admixture. Hindwings with
apex acute, produced, termen strongly sinuate ; pale-grey ;
cilia pale-grey.

A very obscure species.

Q., Brisbane, in November and December ; two speci--
mens.

Gen. HETEROZANCLA nov.

étegolayxsioc, with different sickles (palpi).

Antenne 3; without pecten; in g slightly serrate.
Palpi long, reeurved ; second joint very long, much thickened,.
with loosely appressed scales throughout, with some loose
diverging scales on posterior aspect at apex; terminal
joint short (about 4), slender, acute. Forewings with 2
and 3 connate, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings 1,
apex obtuse, termen not sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 approxi-
mated at base to 4, 6 and 7 separate, parallel.

A derivative of Protolechia differing in the palpi.

HETEROZANCLA RUBIDA 1. Sp.
rubidus, reddish.

3. 20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous; face paler.
Palpi, second joint fuscous mixed with whitish, with a
fuscous subapical ring; terminal joint whitish with sub-
basal and apical dark-fuscous rings. Antenne fuscous.
Abdomen ochreous-grey-whitish. Legs fuscous irrorated,.
and tarsi annulated, with whitish; anterior tibize barred
with reddish. Forewings moderately broad, costa rather
strongly arched, apex pointed, termen oblique ; pale-reddish
mixed with whitish and suffused with fuscous ; stigmata
blackish, first discal at 4, succeeded by a whitish dot ;
plical beyond first discal, second discal before ?, preceded
by a whitish dot ; a blackish streak between first and second
discal, prolonged beyond the latter to apex ; area between
median streak and costa fuscous ; a terminal blackish line
not reaching apex; cilia whitish, towards apex reddish,
bases grey, apices fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish-
grey.

Type in Coll., Lyell.

V., Lorne, in February ; one specimen.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 135-

PROTOLECHIA HILARA 2. Sp.
idagog, cheerful.

9.16 mm. Head and thorax dark-fuscous. Palpi
_ dark-fuscous, with a few whitish scales ; terminal joint as
long as second. Antenne dark-fuscous. Abdomen dark-.
fuscous ; tuft orange, beneath whitish. Legs dark-fuscous
irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with whitish; posterior
tibiz yellow. Forewings rather narrow, costa rather
strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen oblique; 2
and 3 stalked ; dark-fuscous with a few seattered whitish
scales ; stigmata blackish, searcely discernible ; a whitish
suffused spot above tornus ; cilia fuscous, apices whitish.
Hindwings searcely sinuate ; orange ; some fuscous scales.
on apex and termen ; cilia fuscous.

Conspicuous by the orange hindwings.
V., Gisborne, in October ; one specimen in Coll. Lyell.

PROTOLECHIA EURYARGA 2. Sp.

evovagyos, broadly white.

3 2. 8-11 mm. Head white, base of side tufts
fuscous-brown. Palpi rather short ; terminal joint as long
as second ; white, external surface of second joint fuscous.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax white ; patagia fuscous-brown.
Abdomen grey, tuft whitish. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair
mostly whitish. Forewings with costa moderately arched,
apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded; 2 and 3
stalked ; fuscous-brown ; a broad white costal streak from
base to apex, narrowing at extremities, containing some
brownish scales towards costa posteriorly, narrowly edged
with fuscous beneath, and slightly indented at 4 and 2, the
indentations representing discal stigmata; some white
suffusion along dorsum and tornus; cilia white, on apex
fuscous. Hindwings rather strongly sinuate ; whitish, to-
wards apex grey-whitish, in Q pale-grey ; cilia grey-whitish
becoming whitish on dorsum.

Nearest P. invalida Meyr., but smaller, forewings of
costa more strongly arched, and costal streak proportion-
ately broader.

Q., Brisbane, in August, September, October and May :
SIX specimens.

136 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE
PROTOLECHIA LEPTOSTICTA ”. Sp.

Aemtootixtoc, lightly spotted.

3 9. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax fuscous-grey ; face
whitish. Palpi fuscous irrorated with whitish ; terminal
joint nearly as long as second. Antenne fuscous; in gslightly
serrate. Abdomen grey; tuft in 4 whitish grey. Legs
fuscous ; tarsi annulated with whitish ; posterior pair except
tarsi mostly whitish. Forewings with costa gently arched,
apex rounded, termen oblique; 2 and 3 approximated ;
whitish closely irrerated with grey; suffused indistinct
fuscous-grey transverse fascie at } and beyond middle, the
latter connected by a bar from its middle with apex ; stigmata
fuscous, indistinct, first discal at 4 followed by a whitish
dot, second discal before 2, preceded by a whitish dot, a
fuscous dot between these two, plical slightly beyond first
discal, sometimes confluent with it ; cilia whitish with grey
or fuscous median and apical lines, the latter developed only
towards apex. Hindwings with termen strongly sinuate ;
whitish-grey ; cilia grey-whitish.

V., Beaconsfield and Flinders, in February; two
specimens in Coll. Lyell.

PROTOLECHIA ELASSOPIS 2. sp.

Ehacownic, tiny.

dg. 9 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish. Palpi
dark-fuscous, inner surface mostly whitish ; terminal joint
shorter than second. Antenne grey, paler towards base,
apicel joints in ¢ triangularly dilated. Abdomen pale-
grey, tuft whitish. Legs grey ; tarsi annulated with whitish ;
upper surface of posterior tibie whitish. Forewings with
costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely
rounded ; 2 and 3 connate; whitish irrorated with grey,
more closely so beneath costa and towards termen ; stigmata
blackish, minute, plical beyond first discal ; cilia grey with
a darker sub-basal line. Hindwings with termen sinuate ;
pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

Q., Caloundra, in September ; one specimen.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 137

PROTOLECHIA CREPERRIMA 2. Sp.

creperrimus, very dark.

Gg. 14 mm. Head glossy, fuscous. Palpi fuscous ;
terminal joint shorter than second. Antenne fuscous.
Thorax dark-fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous ;
tarsi with fine whitish annulations. Forewings narrow,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very
obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 connate ; dark-fuscous, stigmata
obsolete, cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings with termen slightly
sinuate ; grey; cilla grey.

Q., Brisbane, in January ; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA HYPOONECA 2. Sp.
bmoxvyxog, pale yellow beneath.

3. 11 mm. Head fuscous ; face irrorated with whitish.
Palpi rather short, terminal joint as long as second ; fuscous,
apex of second joint narrowly white. Antenne fuscous.
Thorax fuscous; a posterior spot of whitish irroration.
Abdomen fuscous ; base of dorsum and tuft whitish-ochreous,
beneath whitish. Legs fuscous irrorated, and tarsi annulated
with whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 connate ;
dark-iuscous closely irrorated with whitish, more so towards
margins ; stigmata obsolete ; cilia grey, bases dark-fuscous
mixed with whitish. Hindwings with termen slightly
sinuate ; very pale whitish-ochreocus ; apical 4 grey, cilia
2B Fcy-

Q., Warwick, in September; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA MELICRATA 2. sp.

pedixoatoc, mixed with honey.

go 2. 10-12 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous.
Palpi ochreous-whitish with a few fuscous scales ; terminal
joint as long as second. Antenne ochreous-whitish, towards
apex pale-grey. Abdomen pale-grey, tuft ochreous-whitish.
Legs fuscous; tarsi annulated with ochreous-whitish ;
posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ;
2 and 3 stalked ; whitish-ochreous ; stigmata obsolete or

138 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

rarely faintly indicated by minute ochreous dots; cilia.
whitish-ochreous. Hindwings with termen moderately
sinuate ; pale-grey; cilia pale-grey.

N.Q., Cairns, in June, July and August ; Lucinda Point,
near Ingham, in July; seven specimens.

PROTOLECHIA MITOPHORA %. SD.

[uttogyogoc, thread-marked.

dg. 17-19 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi with
second joint long, terminal joint 3; whitish, terminal joint
sometimes fuscous posteriorly. Antenne fuscous. Thorax
fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous; posterior pair
ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa straight except
towards base and apex, apex pointed, termen slightly
sinuate, slightly oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked ; whitish unevenly
irrorated with pale-fuscous, which in posterior part of dise
forms streaks on veins; stigmata dark-fuscous, minute,
plical beyond first discal ; a series of blackish dots on apical.
part of costa and termen, that beneath apex larger ; cilia.
whitish with a median fuscous line. Hindwings with termen
very slightly sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia whitish, basal half
pele-grey except on tornus and dorsum.

Near P. actinota Meyr.

Q., Coolangatta, in September; Stanthorpe in Sep-
tember ; two specimens.

PROTOLECHIA ENCHOTYPA 2. Sp.

Eyyotvioc, spear-marked.

3. 16 mm. Head whitish-grey ; face whitish. Palpi
blackish irrorated with whitish ; terminal joint as long as
second. Antenne fuscous. Thorax grey with blackish
lateral stripes and a less distinct median longitudinal
fuscous line. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous irrorated,
and tarsi annulated, with fuscous. Forewings narrow,
costa slightly arched, apex acute, termen extrenely
oblique; 2 and 3. stalked; fuscous more or _ less
irrorated with whitish; a rather broad whitish streak
above middle from base narrowing to a point at apex,
edged above and beneath by blackish lines, somewhat.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 139

incomplete and interrupted, and cutting into streak before
apex, the streak also contains a short blackish longitudinal
line near base ; a fine blackish line on fold ; cilia grey with a
fuscous median line and some whitish irroration at bases.
Hindwings with termen not sinuate; pale-grey, darker
towards apex ; cilia grey.

Allied to P. aversella but more neatly and distinctly
marked. The forewings are narrower with more acute
apex, the dorsal area is darker, and there is a complete
absence of ochreous or ferruginous markings.

Type in Coll. Lyell.

V., Gisborne, in October ; two specimens.

PROTOLECHIA FURCIFERA 2. Sp.

furciferus, with forked markings.

3 2. 18-20 mm. Head _ ochreous-whitish. Palpi
fuscous, apex and inner surface of second joint ochreous-
whitish ; terminal joint as long as second. Antenne
fuscous, paler towards base, basal joint whitish. Thorax
brown with a fine median and broader lateral dark-fuscous
longitudinal lines. Abdomen grey, apices of segments
whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior and middle tibiz
and tarsi mixed with fuscous. Forewings narrow, costa
slightly arched, apex pointed, termen very oblique ; 2 and 3
stalked ; reddish-brown ; costal area whitish with fuscous
irroration; a blackish costal mark at 4; a fine whitish
subcostal line from middle, edged beneath with blackish,
and giving off four short whitish streaks to apical third
of costa and apex ; an irregular whitish longitudinal streak
above middle edged beneath with blackish from base,
giving off an oblique streak at middle to subcostal line ;
soon after it forks, each arm of fork is deflected upwards
into sub-costal line ; some blackish scales on fold, on base
of dorsum, and on termen ; cilia whitish-brown with median
and terminal fuscous lines. Hindwings with termen
scarcely sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia grey-whitish.

Type in Coll. Lyell.

V., Gisborne, in November and December ; two speci-
mens.

140 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

PROTOLECHIA PHLOEOPOLA 1. Sp.

giownohog, haunting bark.

3. 20-23 mm. Head whitish. Palpi fuscous, second
joint mixed with whitish ; terminal joint as long as second.
Antenne fuscous.. Thorax fuscous, base of patagia whitish.
Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous irrorated, and tarsi annu-
lated, with whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently
arched, apex pointed, termen very oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked ;
fuscous ; a broad ochreous-whitish costal streak, its lower
edge irregular, reaching nearly to middle, its costal edge
more or less irrorated or suffused with fuscous, which tends
to form discrete spots; some ochreous suffusion mostly
towards apex; some whitish scales near termen; cilia
whitish ochreous with some indistinct basal bars towards
tornus grey. Hindwings with termen not sinuate; grey ;
cilia grey.

Type in Coll. Lyell.

* V., Melbourne, in September ; Gisborne, in September
and December ; three specimens.

PROTOLECHIA CHALAZODES 2. Sp.
yahalwore, like hail (in allusion to hindwings).
3g. 14 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish, second
joint fuscous anteriorly ; terminal joint as long as second.
Thorax whitish suffused with brown. Abdomen dark-
fuscous densely irrorated with whitish, tuft and underside
whitish. Legs whitish ; anterior and middle tibie and tarsi
dark-fuscous annulated with ochreous-whitish. Forewings
rather narrow, costa nearly straight, apex pointed, termen
extremely oblique; 2 and 3 stalked; brown irregularly
mixed with ochreous-whitish, towards termen reddish-
brown ; fuscous dots on costa at } and 4; a fine median
longitudinal fuscous line from } to 2, a similar line from 2
costa to apex ; cilia ochreous-whitish with a median fuscous
line around apex, and a fuscous bar before apex. Hindwings
with apex pointed, termen scarcely sinuate ; dark-fuscous
densely irrorated with whitish ; cilia whitish.

Very distinct by the peculiar coloration of hindwings
and dorsum of abdomen, but this is probably confined to
the male sex.

Q., Mt. Tambourine, in November ; one specimen.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 141

PROTOLECHIA PYRRHICA n. Sp.
Tvoolxocg, red.

2. 11 mm. Head and thorax reddish-brown. Palpi
reddish-brown ; terminal joint nearly as long as second,
its anterior edge fuscous. Antenne grey with darker
annulations, towards base tinged with reddish brown.
Abdomen grey. Legs pale-grey, tibie and tarsi annulated
with whitish (posterior pair broken). Forewings gently
arched near base, thence straight, apex rounded, termen
slightly oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked ; reddish-brown ; stigmata
obsolete ; a fine fuscous Jine on apical half of costa inter-
rupted by several minute whitish-ochreous dots ; a dark-
fuscous apical spot giving off a fine line along upper part of
termen ; cilia reddish-brown, on apex fuscous. Hindwings
with termen slightly sinuate; grey; cilia whitish, with a
grey sub-basal line not extending to tornus.

Q., Coolangatta, in September; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA MEGALOSTICTA 7. Sp.

Meyahootixtos, large-spotted.

3 2. 138-14 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ;
face fuscous. Palpi dark-fuscous ; terminal joint as long as
second. Antenne dark-fuscous; in g slightly serrate.
Legs dark-fuscous ; tarsi annulated with whitish ; posterior
pair wholly whitish. Forewings with costa gently arched,
apex rounded, termen only slightly oblique ; 2 and 3 short-
stalked ; pale-grey ; markings dark-fuscous; a dot near
base of costa and another on costa at 4; a dot near base of
dorsum and another on dorsum at } ; first discal et 4, minute,
second discal larger at 3, plical beyond first discal ard large ;
a large fuscous suffusion beyond second discal exterding to
tornus ; a terminal fuscous suffusion ; cilia grey with a
fuscous median line. Hindwings with termen not sinuate ;
grey-whitish ; cilia grey-whitish.

N.S.W., Sydney (Woodford, Como), in March and
April; two specimens in Coll. Lyell.

PROTOLECHIA BLACICA n. Sp.
Biaxwixoc, sluggish.
9. 14 mm. Head fuscous, back of crown ochreous-
whitish. Palpi dark-fuscous ; terminal joint shorter than

142 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

second, whitish towards apex. Antenne dark-fuscous,
basal } whitish. Thorax ochreous-whitish. Abdomen grey,
tuft whitish. Legs fuscous mixed with whitish ; posterior
pair mostly whitish. Forewings with costa nearly straight,
apex rounded, termen very obliquely rounded; 2 and 3
stalked ; dark-fuscous; a narrow basal ochreous-whitish
fascia ; a broad ochreous-whitish fascia from ? costa narrow-
ing to tornus; cilia dark-fuscous. Hindwings with termen
slightly sinuate ; thinly scaled, pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

Q., Brisbane; one specimen bred from Hucalyptus
twenty-five years ago and not met with since.

PROTOLECHIA ALBIFRONS 7”. Sp.

albifrons, white anteriorly.

6. 1l mm. Differs from blacica only as follows—
Head and palpi wholly white. Abdomen and legs mostly
whitish beneath.

N.A., Port Darwin, in February ; one specimen received
from Mr. F. P. Dodd. It is possible that the differences
between this and the preceding may be merely sexual.

PROTOLECHIA INVOLUTA n. sp.

involutus, covfused.

9.18 mm. Head whitish irrorated with fuscous.
Palpi fuscous with some whitish irroration ; terminal joint
as long as second. Thorax and antenne dark- fuscous with
some whitish scales. Abdomen grey, tuft whitish-ochreous.
Legs fuscous irrorated, and tibiz and tarsi annulated, with
whitish. Forewings with costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3
stalked ; whitish densely irrorated with dark-fuscous ;
markings dark-fuscous edged with whitish ; a spot on base
of dorsum, a small median spot at 4, another larger but
less defined between this and middle, a third at ?, and a
fourth at apex, both rather large; five costal dots in
posterior ?; a fine subterminal line from apical spot to
tornus ; cilia fuscous with three rows of whitish dots, the
last apical. Hindwings with termen not sinuate; dark-
grey ; cilia grey-whitish with a grey sub-basal line.

N.Q., Townsville, in April ; one specimen received from
Mr. F. P. Dodd.-

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 143

PROTOLECHIA GYPSOCRANA 7. Sp.

yopoxoaros, with chalky head.

§. 10-12 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish with a
few fuscous scales; terminal joint shorter than second.
Antenne ochreous-whitish, sometimes with fuscous annu-
lations. Thorax whitish with pale-fuscous irroration.
Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs fuscous mixed with whitish ;
posterior pair wholly whitish. Forewings with costa
moderately arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely
rounded ; 2 and 3 connate; whitish irrorated with pale-
fuscous ; stigmata rather large, ill-defined, plical beyond
first diseal; cilia whitish irrorated with fuscous. Hird-
wings with termen not sinuate ; whitish ; cilia whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in August and September ; Toowoomba in
September ; Stradbroke Island in July ; six specimens.

PROTOLECHIA ANNULARIA 2. sp.

annularius, ringed.

g. 14 mm. Head whitish-grey ; face whitish. Palpi
whitish ; terminal joint 3, fuscous except at base. Antenne
fuscous. Thorax grey. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs
whitish mixed with grey. Forewings narrow, costa gently
arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3
approximated ; whitish densely irrorated with fuscous ;
stigmata large, longitudinally oval, fuscous, ringed with
whitish, plical beyond first discal, second discal specially
large, median, narrowly separated from first discal, cilia
whitish, bases distinctly barred with fuscous, apices grey.
Hindwings over 1, apex obtuse, termen not sinuate ; grey-
‘whitish ; cilia grey-whitish.

Q., Brisbane, one example taken twenty-five years ago.

PROTOLECHIA TARACTA 1. Sp.

tapaxtos, confused.

3g. 12-14 mm. Head and thorax dark brown. Palpi
‘brown, external surface irrorated with dark-fuscous, ter-
minal joint shorter than second. Antenne brown.
Abdomen grey, tuft grey-whitish. Legs fuscous irrorated,
-and tarsi annulated with ochreous-whitish ; posterior pair

144 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

mostly ochreous-whitish. Forewings slightly dilated
posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex pointed, termen slightly
oblique ; 2 and 8 stalked ; dark-brown ; markings fuscous,
very obscure ; an irregular angulated blotch at 4 comprising
first discal and plical, a dot above middle, and two dots
placed transversely at 3; several dots on costa towards
apex ; cilia dark-fuscous, apices whitish-brown except on
apex. Hindwings with termen slightly sinuate ; pale-grey
becoming whitish towards base ; cilia whitish with a grey
sub-basal line not extending to tornus.

Q., Montville (1,500 feet), near Nambour, in October ;
Mt. Tambourine, in November ; Toowoomba, in September ;
four specimens.

PROTOLECHIA SPORODETA Nn. Sp.

omooo0detoc, with spotted edge.

3. 14 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish, sides
of face fuscous. Palpi ochreous-whitish irrorated with
fuscous; terminal joint 3. (Abdomen broken). Legs
ochreous-whitish, anterior and middle pairs partly suffused
with fuscous. Forewings rather broad, costa strongly
arched to middle, thence nearly straight, apex rectangular,
termen scarcely oblique, rounded beneath ; 2 and 3 stalked ;
ochreous-whitish with numerous dots and a few scattered
scales dark-fuscous ; subcostal and subdorsal dots near
base ; a subdorsal dot at 4; stigmata larger and rather
suffused, plical beyond first discal, second discal before 2 ;
a series of dots on apical half of costa and near termen ;
cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings over 1, apex obtuse,
termen scarcely sinuate ; whitish with pale-grey suffusion
towards apex ; cilia grey-whitish.

Q., Killarney, in November ; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA MESOPSAMMA 2, Sp.

pecopammoc, sandy in the middle.

3g. 138 mm. Head whitish-brown. Palpi whitish-
brown with a few fuscous scales ; termina] joint shorter than
second. Anetnne fuscous, towards base whitish-brown.
Thorax fuscous ; patagia whitish-brown. Abdomen pale-
grey, tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs fuscous irrorated, and
tibie and tarsi annulated, with ochreous-whitish ; posterior

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 145

pair almost wholly ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa.
strongly arched, apex pointed, termen rounded, moderately
oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked ; dark fuscous with slight whitish
irroration ; markings whitish-brown ; a broad costal streak
from base to 4; a fine short sub-basal dorsal streak ; a series
of fine dots on apical third of costa and termen ; cilia whitish
brown mixed with dark-fuscous. Hindwings with termen
slightly sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia whitish-grey.

Q., Rosewood, in April; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA HEDANA 2. Sp.

70avoc, pleasant.

3. 18 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish irrorated
with fuscous anteriorly ; terminal joint }, Antennz whitish,
annulated with dark-fuscous. Thorax purple-grey with fine
whitish irroration. (Abdomen broken). Legs grey mixed
with whitish ; posterior pair whitish. Forewings with costa
gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely
rounded ; 2 and 3 stalked ; whitish closely irrorated with
purple-grey ; markings reddish-brown mixed with fuscous ;
three ill-defined fuscous spots on basal third of costa, the
surrounding area suffused with reddish brown; a sub-
dorsal spot at ?, a discal spot slightly beyond it at 3, and
two terminal spots above and below middle ; cilia reddish-
brown, bases whitish mixed with grey, on tornus wholly grey.
Hindwings with termen slightly sinuate ; whitish becoming
pale-grey towards apex; cilia whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in August ; one specimen.

PROTOLECHIA CELIDOPHORA %. sp.

xnAlwopooos, blotched.

6. 12-17 mm. Head whitish-brown ; face and sides
of crown fuscous. Palpi fuscous with a few whitish scales ;
terminal joint 3. Antenne whitish-brown, basal joint
fuscous. Thorax pale-brown. Abdomen grey, tuft whitish-
ochreous. Legs fuscous mixed with whitish; posterior
pair mostly ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa rather
strongly arched apex acute, termen slightly oblique, rounded
beneath : 2 and 3 stalked ; pale-brown ; markings and a few
scattered scales fuscous; an outlined blotch, ill-defined

dorsally, including plical and first discal, a dot above middle
L

146 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

second discal at 2; a large tornal and terminal blotch
narrower at apex; some whitish-brown terminal dots ;
cilia whitish-brown with some fuscous scales, on apex and
dorsum fuscous. Hindwings with apex pointed, termen
sinuate ; whitish-ochreous ; apical 4 grey ; cilia grey, towards
tornus sometimes whitish-ochreous.

Allied to P. gorgonias Meyr., distinguished by the
fuscous palpi and tornal blotch.

N.Q., Cairns district (Dodd); Q., Eumundi, near
Nambour, in November ; two specimens.

PROTOLECHIA EUSTEPHANA 1. SDP.

evotepavocg, well-crowned.
3g. 14-16 mm. Head pale-ochreous. Palpi pale-

ochreous with some fuscous irroration; terminal joint
shorter than second. Antenne ochreous-whitish annulated
with fuscous. Thorax fuscous. (Abdomen broken). Legs
fuscous irrorated, and tarsi annulated, with ochreous-
whitish ; posterior pair almost wholly ochreous-whitish.
Forewings slightly arched, apex rounded, termen very
obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 stalked ; fuscous-whitish with
patchy fuscous irroration; an angular spot at 4 of disc,
moderate in size, embracing first discal and plical stigmata,
second disca] before 2, transversely elongate ; a sub-apical
blotch and terminal line fuscous ; cilia whitish with median
and apical fuscous lines. Hindwings with termen slightly
sinuate ; pale-grey ; cilia whitish.

Resembles P. eumela Low., but at once distinguished
by the ochreous head. It has not the peculiar palpi of that
species.

Q., Biisbane ; three specimens taken twenty-five years
since, now in poor condition.

PROTOLECHIA SEMIOGRAPHA 7”. SP.

onuewoyoagoc, bearing a mark.

2.20 mm. Head and thorax pale-fuscous. Palpi
fuscous-whitish with some fuscous irroration; terminal
joint 3. Antenne pale-fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs
fuscous mixed with ochreous-whitish ; posterior pair mostly

BY A. JEFFERiS TURNER. 147

-ochreous-whitish. Forewings dilated posteriorly, costa
slightly arched, more strongly towards base, apex rounded-
rectangular, termen neariy straight, scarcely oblique; 2
and 3 stalked ; pale-fuscous with a few fuscous scales; a
sharply defined blackish blotch in dise at 4 including plical
end first dorsal stigmata, its outline very irregular ; cilia
pale-fuscous. Hindwings 13, termen very slightly sinuate ;
‘pale-grey ; cilia whitish-grey with a grey sub-basal line.
Very distinct but allied to P. loemias Meyr

Q., Mount Tambourine, in November ; one specimen.

- PROTOLECHIA LECHRIOSEMA 7. Sp.

Aexoloonmos, with oblique mark.

3. 14 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi
‘fuscous, inner surface of second joint whitish ; terminal
joint nearly aslongassecond. Antennefuscous. Abdomen
grey, tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs pale-fuscous; tibie
and tarsi annulated with ochreous-whitish; upper
surface of posterior tibiz ochreous-whitish. Forewings
rather broad, costa gently arched, apex pointed,
termen moderately oblique ; 2 separate from near angle ;
ochreous-whitish irrorated with fuscous, towards termen
sparsely irrorated with pale-brown; stigmata small,
indistinct, plical beneath first discal, connected by a suffusion
with dorsum, a dot beneath second discal, connected by an
-oblique wedge-shaped mark with tornus ; a series of dark-
fuscous dots on apical third of costa and on termen ; cilia
ochreous-whitish with a few fuscous scales. Hindwings
with apex obtuse, termen not sinuate; 6 and 7 slightly
approximated at base ; whitish-grey ; cilia whitish with a
-pale-grey basal line.

Q., Mt. Tamboyrine, in November ; one specimen.

Gen. PROSOMURA nov.

meocouwoveos, adjacent.

Antenne ?; without pecten;in ¢ simple, thicker than
in 9. Labial palpi long, recurved ; second joint thickened
and slightly rough anteriorly ; terminal joint shorter than
second, rather stout, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3

148 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

stalked, 7 and 8 coincident, 7 to costa. Hindwings 1,
apex round-pointed, termen scarcely sinuate; cilia $; 3
and 4 connate, 5 parallel, 6 and 7 stalked.

Allied to Pancoenia Meyr., but with 6 and 7 of hindwings.
stalked, and 4 antenne thickened.

PROSOMURA SYMMETRA 1. Sp.

ovpmetoocg, similar.

3 2. 8-9 mm. Head and thorax pale brownish-
ochreous. Palpi pale brownish-ochreous ; terminal joint-
with basal and subapical fuscous rings. Antenne pale-
ochreous with fuscous annulations, thickened in 4g.
Abdomen grey, tuft whitish-ochreous. Legs fuscous ;.
posterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa
slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely
rounded ; pale brownish-ochreous with fuscous irroration.
and markings ; a subcostal spot near base ; first discal at
3, plical shortly before first discal, second discal at 3; a dot.
on wid-costa, a second at 2 and two more between this and.
apex; a series of terminal dots sometimes not quite on
margin ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings and cilia grey-
whitish.

Very similar to Pancoenia pygmaea, but independently
of the neuration distinguishable by the costal and terminal
dots, whitish hindwings, and annulated antenne.

N.Q., Cardwell, in August ; five specimens.

PANCOENIA PYGMAEA 2. sp.

muy watoc, small.

3. 9-10 mm. Head and thorax pale _ brownish-
ochreous. Palpi fuscous, inner surface ochreous-whitish ;
second joint with a sub-apical dark-fuscous ring. Antenne
fuscous. Abdomen grey, tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs
fuscous annulated with ochreous-whitish : posterior pair
ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa moderately
arched, apex obtusely pointed, termen very oblique ; fus-
cous-whitish ; spots dark-fuscous ; first diseal at 4, plical
shortly before first discal, second discal at 3; cilia ochreous-
whitish. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in June and October ;
four specimens.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 149

Gen. ANAPTILORA.
Anaptilora Meyr., P.L.8., N.S.W., 1904, p. 390.

The definition of this genus should be enlarged as
regards the palpi as follows :—Palpi long, recurved, second
joint thickened with appressed hairs, often with a small
tuft of loose spreading hairs posteriorly at apex, terminal
joint acute, in 2 moderately slender, in 3 stout, and often
with a posterior tuft of hairs about middle. This is to
admit the two following species, which are closely allied to
A. eremias, and agree with it structurally except in the palpi.
In A. basiphaea the posterior tuft of second joint, and of
terminal joint in g are both very small but recognisable,
in haplospila they are both absent.

ANAPTILORA BASIPHHA 2. Sp.

Baoipaiog, dusky at the base.

gd. 18 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi whitish-
ochreous with some fuscous irroration. Antenne pale-
grey. Thorax whitish-ochreous with some fuscous scales
‘posteriorly. Abdomen and legs ochreous-whitish. Fore-
wings somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa slightly arched,
apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish
with a few scattered fuscous scales ; markings fuscous ; a
narrow basal fascia slightly produced on dorsum; discal
dots at 4 and 3, plical slightly beyond first discal ; a terminal
series of dots ; cilia ochreous-whitish. Hindwings and cilia
whitish.

N.Q., Townsville, in August ; two specimens.

ANAPTILORA HAPLOSPILA 7”. SP.

azhoonthoc, simply spotted.

3 2. 12-13 mm. Head _ whitish-ochreous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous with slight fuscous irroration ; terminal
joint sometimes with a subapical fuscous ring. Antenne
whitish-ochreous, basal joint sometimes fuscous. Thorax
whitish-ochreous, sometimes with two blackish dots on
posterior margin. Abdomen whitish-ochreous, towards base
sometimes grey. Legs fuscous with obscure ochreous
whitish annulations, or wholly whitish-ochreous. Fore-
wings not dilated, costa rather strongly arched, apex rounded,

150 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

termen obliquely rounded ; ochreous-whitish ; dots blackish ;
first discal before middle, second at 3, plical before first-
discal or obsolete; some terminal dots; cilia ochreous-—
whitish. Hindwings and cilia grey-whitish.

Q., Brisbane, in January and March; two specimens.
differing slightly in markings, the g being the darker-
marked.

Gen. SYNDESMICA 700.

ovrdeouixos, linking together.

Antenne #; without pecten; in gf simple. Palpi long,.
recurved ; second joint thickened with appressed hairs,
slightly rough anteriorly, somewhat expanded at apex but
not tufted ; terminal joint stout, acute. Forewings with 2°
and 3 stalked, 7, 8, 9 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings over 1
apex pointed, termen sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 parallel,
6 and 7 connate.

Allied to Anaptilora which has developed from it. It-
is evident that in the latter 8 and 9 are coincident.

SYNDESMICA HOMOGENES n. Sp.

6moyerng, akin.

2. 18-19 mm. Head pale-ochreous. Palpi pale-
ochreous, terminal joint fuscous. Antenne fuscous, basal’
joint pale-ochreous. Thorax fuscous. Abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Legs pale-ochreous irrorated, and tarsi annu-
lated, with fuscous. Forewings not dilated, costa rather
strongly arched, apex round-pointed, termen very obliquely”
rounded ; ochreous-grey irrorated with fuscous, more so
towards costa and termen ; dots fuscous, plical before first
discal ; first discal before middle, second discal before 2 ;.
cilia greyish-ochreous irrorated with fuscous. Hindwings
and cilia grey.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in October; two speci-
mens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

AULACOMIMA CERAMOCHROA 2. SD.
xeopauozyooos, clay-coloured.
3g. 12 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous-
whitish, a few grey scales on second joint. Antenne grey.
Thorax whitish-brown. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 151

ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair grey anteriorly. Forewings
with costa straight except towards base and apex, apex
round-pointed, termen obliquely rounded ; whitish-brown
suffused with pale-fuscous except towards base; a short
dark-fuscous streak surrounded by ochreous on fold before
middle ; an ochreous spot in disc before middle, and another
shortly beyond middle, sometimes connected by a fuscous
streak ; a similar longitudinal streak precedes first spot,
and there may be another on costal side of that spot ; cilia.
fuscous with minute pale dots. Hindwings pale-grey ;
cilia pale-grey with a whitish basal line succeeded by a grey
line.
Q., Brisbane, in February ; one specimen.

Gen. APROSOESTA nov.

amoocootoc, irresistible.

Antenne over | ; without pecten;in g simple. Labial
palpi long, recurved ; second joint smooth-scaled ; terminal
joint in @Q longer than second, slender, acute; in ¢
aborted, very short, ending in a strongly triangularly dilated
tuft of hairs. Forewings with 2 absent, 3 and 4 stalked, 7
and 8 stalked, 7 to costa 9 and 10 absent, diseocellulars
obsolete. Hindwings over 1, trapezoidal, apex pointed,
termen strongly sinuate ; cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 absent,
6 and 7 connate.

A development of Crocanthes ; the hindwings are as
highly ornamented as the forewings giving a very peculiar
facies. The ¢ palpi are anomalous.

APROSOESTA PANCALA 7. Sp.

mayxadoc, all beautiful.

g. 13 mm. Head whitish, posterior part of crown
fuscous. Palpi whitish, base of terminal joint fuscous.
Antenne yellowish, basal joint fuscous. Thorax yellowish.
Abdomen ochreous-grey, tuft ochreous-whitish. Legs
yellowish ; apices of tibiz ringed with dark fuscous ; posterior
tibiz with also a median dark-fuscous ring. Forewings
narrow, costa nearly straight, apex acute, termen concave,
slightly oblique ; pale-yellow partly suffused with deeper
yellow ; markings fuscous; an inwardly oblique narrow

4152 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

fascia from costa near base to base of dorsum; a second
similar paralle] fascia shortly beyond this ; a short Jine or
transverse discal mark before middle ; a third fascia at 2,
and a fourth subterminal, the latter ill-defined anteriorly ;
a broad terminal line; cilia yellowish, on tornts fuscous.
Hindwings whitish partly suffused with yellow; a basal
fuscous patch ; a yellow dot edged with fuscous in disc at
+; a median transverse fuscous fascia enclosing two yellow
dots ; an irregular subterminal fascia and a terminal line
fuscous ; cilia yellowish, bases fuscous, on tornus wholly
fuscous.

2.15 mm. Similar but deeper yellow and darker
fuscous. Palpi, second joint fuscous at base and apex ;
terminal joint fuscous externally.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns in October and November ;
two specimens received from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

CROCANTHES TRIZONA 7”. SD.

toi~wvoc, with three bands.

3 2. 11-12 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish ; ter-
minal joint in ¢ short. Antenne whitish, barred with
dark-fuscous on upper surface. Thorax whitish or pale-
yellowish. Abdomen whitish. Legs whitish tinged with
yellowish ; tibize and tarsi annulated with fuscous. Fore-
wings narrow, costa slightly arched, apex round-pointed,
termen oblique ; pale-yellowish, sometimes whitish towards
base ; three dark-fuscous transverse lines, first sub-basal,
second at 4, third at 2; a short outwardly oblique dark-
fuscous discal streak precedes third line ; cilia pale-yellowish,
apices fuscous. Hindwings and cilia whitish.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, from September to Decem-
‘ber ; Innisfail, in July and November ; seven specimens.

Gen. SARISOPHORA.

Sarisophora Meyr., P.L.S., N.S.W., 1904, p. 403.

I should state the neuration of the hindwings thus,
4 absent (coincident with 3), 3 and 5 connate. This makes
the genus a simple derivative of Lecithocera, Hb., in which
3 and 4 are stalked, 5 well separate at origin. The variation

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 153

of the origin of v-in 9 of forewing occasionally out of 7
occurs in both genera. Styloceros Meyr., differs only in
the shorter antennz, which are otherwise very similar.

SARISOPHORA TENELLA n. Sp.

tenellus, delicate.

3g 9. 9-11 mm. Head whitish, middle of crown
ochreous-tinged. Palpi whitish, external surface of second
joint whitish-ochreous. Antennz ochreous-whitish, upper
‘surface barred with dark-fuscous. Thorax purple-grey,
patagia © whitish. Abdomen = greyish-ochreous. Legs
ochreous ; poterior pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings with
costa nearly straight, apex very obtusely rounded, termen
obliquely rounded ; purple-grey ; a broad whitish costal
stresk to middle; apical area whitish with some fuscous
irroration, sharply separated from ground-colour by a
line from 2 costa to tornus; cilia fuscous, bases paler, a
fine white median line, on tornus whitish. Hindwings and
cilia pale-grey.

Very distinct specifically; owing to the peculiarly
rounded apex of forewings, it is difficult to say whether 7
runs to apex or termen.

N.Q., Cairns, in June, August and October. Q., Nam-
bour, Caloundra and Brisbane, in October ; six specimens.

SARISOPHORA TERRENA 2. Sp.

terrenus, terrestrial.

36 2. 15-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous ; outer surface of second joint pale-fuscous
except at apex. Antenne whitish ochreous; in 3 outer
suriace of basal joint, a few bars on upper surface near base,
and apical } fuscous. Thorax and abdomen ochreous-grey-
whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish with a few fuscous scales ;
anterior pair fuscous. Forewings with costa gently arched,
apex pointed, termen oblique ; 9 out of 7; ochreous-grey-
whitish ; first discal dot at 4, dark fuscous, distinct ; plical
obsolete ; second discal before 2, nearly obsolete, some
fuscous irroration between it and tornus; some fuscous

154 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

irroration on termen; cilia whitish-ochreous, apices paler-
Hindwings grey-whitish ; cilia as forewings.
Kasily recognised by the neuration.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in June ; four specimens.

SARISOPHORA NYCTIPHYLAX Nn. Sp.

yvuxtipvdaag, a night watchman.

9. 15 mm. Head fuscous. Palpi whitish; second
joint with an oblique fuscous bar on external surface from
before middle of upper edge to beyond middle of lower edge,
and fuscous at apex; terminal joint wiih anterior edge
fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish, with some fuscous
scales towards base. Thorax and abdomen fuscous. Legs
ochreous-whitish mixed with fuscous. Forewings with.
costa straight except towards base and apex, apex rounded,
termen obliquely rounded ; 7 to apex; brownish-fuscous
with a few scattered blackish scales; discal dots nearly
obsolete, plical below first discal; cilia brownish-fuscous,.
bases paler. Hindwings grey ; basal third whitish-ochreous
its edges suffused ; cilia grey, on dorsum whitish-ochreous.

Near S. chlenoia Meyr., as shown by the coloration of
hindwings, but the oblique bar on palpi should be sufficient.
distinction.

Q., Mt. Tambourine, in November ; one specimen.

SARISOPHORA LEUCOSCIA 1. Sp.

Aevxooxtoc, shaded with white.

dg. 15 mm. Head whitish, centre of crown pale-grey.
Palpi whitish ; external surface of second joint with a broad
oblique dark-fuscous bar, covering all but base and apex ;.
extreme apex of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne whitish.
Thorax grey with a darker median line, inner half of patagia.-
dark-fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish, tuft and under
surface fuscous. Legs fuscous. Forewings with costa.
slightly arched. more strongly towards base and apex, apex
pointed, termen obliquely rounded ; 7 to termen; whitish
suffused with fuscous, leaving basal costa] area, a median
streak, and much of central area whitish ; a broad rounded
dark-fuscous dorsal patch from near base to beyond middle ;

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 155

discal spots dark-fuscous, first discal at 4, second discal
just beyond middle, plical included in dorsal patch ; a dark-
fuscous subcostal line from base to 4+; some dark-fuscous
scales on postmedian veins ; cilia fusecous with fine whitish
spots, bases ochreous-whitish, on costa and tornus ochreous-
whitish. Hindwings pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey, on tornus
and dorsum ochreous-whitish.

Q., Mt. Tambourine, in November; one specimen.

SARISOPHORA PYCNOSPILA 7. Sp.

muxvoonmtdo¢g, with thick spots.

6 2. 13-17 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish,
external surface irrorated with fuscous. Antenne whitish.
Thorax fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous ; posterior
pair mixed with ochreous-whitish.. Forewings with costa
slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen obliquely
rounded ; 7 to apex; grey-whitish suffused with fuscous ;
markings and some scattered wroration dark-fuscous ;
discal spots large, first discal at 4, plical slightly before it,
the two nearly confluent, second discal at 2; three or four
obscure spots on costa beyond middle ; cilia grey, bases
whitish. Hindwings pale-grey; cilia pale-grey, bases
whitish.

N.Q., Thursday Island; Mareeba in May: Q., Stan-
thorpe, in November ; three specimens.

LECITHOCERA CHAMELA 7. sp.
yaundoc, haunting the ground.

3 2. 12-17 mm. Head whitish-ochreous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous ; outer surface of second joint fuscous
except at apex. Antenne whitish-ochreous, upper surface
sometimes barred with fuscous. Thorax brown. Abdomen
ochreous-grey-whitish. Legs fuscous more or less mixed,
and tarsi annulated, with whitish-ochreous ; posterior pair
mostly whitish ochreous. Forewings with costa nearly
straight, apex pointed, termen obliquely rounded; 7 to
termen, 9 separate ; pale reddish-brown with a few scattered
fuscous scales ; a fuscous dot on base of costa ; first discal
at 4, fuscous , plical obsolete, second discal beyond middle

156 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

with a spot beneath it ; cilia pale-brown. Hindwings and
cilia grey-whitish.

Distinguished by the whitish hindwings and reddish-
brown forewings with 7 to termen.

Q., Mt. Tambourine, in September, October and
November ; Coolangatta in August; twelve specimens.

LECITHOCERA ALAMPES 7. Sp.

dhapane, dark.

3 2. 13-17 mm. Head purple-brown, sides of crown
whitish-ochreous, Palpi fuscous-brown, inner surface more
or less whitish. Antenne ochreous-whitish, sometimes with
fuscous annulations. Thorax brown with purplish reflec-
tions. Abdomen ochreous-fuscous or ochreous. Legs
anterior pair fuscous ; middle pair whitish ; posterior pair
whitish above, fuscous beneath. Forewings rather narrow,
costa very slightly arched, apex round-pointed, termen
slightly oblique ; 7 to apex, 9 separate ; brownish-fuscous
or fuscous; stigmata very obscure, plical beneath first
discal, second discal double; cilia brownish-fuscous or
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Differs from L. cyamitis Meyr. in the darker forewings
with obsolescent stigmata, plical being beneath first diseal,
and the ochreous-tinged abdomen.

N.Q., Cairns ; N.S.W., Sydney, in April ; five specimens.

Gen. STYLOCEROS.
Styloceros Meyr., P.L.S., N.S.W., 1904, p. 408.

1 am of opinion that the missing vein in the hindwing
is not 5 but 3 or 4, which are coincident, a development from
Lecithocera in which 3 and 4 are stalked ; secondarily 5 may
become stalked with 4. The same remark applies to
Sarisophora. 1 would broaden the definition of Styloceros
as follows,—Forewings 2 and 3 connate, stalked, or coin-
cident, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex or termen, 9 sometimes
out of 7; hindwings 3 and 4 coincident, 5 approximated,
vonnate, or stalked with 4. Ultimately Styloceros wiil, I
think, be merged in Sarisophora ; the two differ only in the
length of their antenne, and by little.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 157

STYLOCEROS BRACHYMITA 7. Sp.

Boayvyttog , with short threads or lines.

6. 16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi fuscous ;
apex of second joint whitish; terminal joint whitish.
Antenne ochreous-whitish, near apex grey. Thorax fuscous,
Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs fuscous. tibiae and tarsi
annulated with ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa
slightly arched, apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ;
7 to apex; whitish-ochreous suffused with fuscous ; some
dark-fuscous irroration; markings dark-fuscous; a fine
subcostal line from base to one-third; first discal before
middle, plical beneath it, elongate, second discal ill-defined,
a spot at tornus ; a fine whitish-ochreous streak along fold,
interrupted by plical; a similar short streak between first
and second discal; cilia fuscous with fine whitish points
and slender whitish ochreous bars. Hindwings and cilia
pale-grey.

Q., Eidsvold ; Warwick, in October and March; four
specimens.

STYLOCEROS DISPILA 7. sp.

dtomthog, two-spotted.

3. 1l mm. Head ochreous-whitish; face fuscous.
Palpi fuscous, posterior surface whitish. Antenne ochreous-
whitish. Thorax fuscous. (Abdomen broken). Legs
ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair fuscous. Forewings narrow,
costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen slightly
oblique ; fuscous ; stigmata dark-fuscous, first discal large,
round, at 4, second discal similar, before 3, plical minute,
beneath first discal; cilia fuscous. Hindwings 4 and 5
stalked ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

N.A., Port Darwin; one specimen received from Mr.
G. F. Hill.

STYLOCEROS CONCINNA fn. Sp.

concinnus, neat.

3g. 12 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous. Palpi
whitish-ochreous ; second joint fuscous posteriorly, with a
short anterior apical tuft. Thorax pale ochreous-grey.
Abdomen grey, tuft whitish-ochreous. Legs fuscous ;
posterior pair whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderately

158 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

broad, costa gently arched, apex round-pointed, termen
slightly oblique ; 2 and 3 stalked, 7 to termen ; pale ochreous-
grey ; discal dots blackish, first at 4, second before 2, plical
obsolete ; a terminal series of blackish dots; cilia grey-
whitish. Hindwings with 3 and 4 coincident, 5 approxi-
mated, 6 and 7 short-stalked, widely diverging; pale
ochreous-grey ; cilia grey-whitish.

Somewhat aberrant in the genus by the tufted palpi
and neuration of hindwings this species may perhaps ulti-
mately form a new genus.

N.Q., Bellenden-Ker, base of mountain ; one specimen
received from Dr. Hamilton Kenny.

STYLOCEROS ISOPHANES 1”. Sp.

icogavycs, similar. .

3. 10 mm. Head and antenne whitish. Palpi
whitish ; second joint irrorated with fuscous. Thorax pale-
fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs pale-fuscous; posterior
pair whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched, apex
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 coincident,
7 to termen ; pale-fuscous ; two blackish discal spots, first
at 4, second before 2, plical obsolete ; some dark-fuscous
scales on termen; cilia pale fuscous. Hindwings with 3
and 4 coincident, 5 somewhat approximated, 6 and 7 long-
stalked ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

Very similar to Sarisophora dispila though differing
structurally and in shape of forewing.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns; one specimen received
from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

STYLOCEROS NOSEROPA 2. Sp.

vooeowmzoc, of sickly appearance.

3. 10 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous-
whitish. Antenne ochreous-whitish annulated with grey,
towards apex wholly grey. Abdomen pale-grey, tuft
ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish ; anterior pair
tinged with grey. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched,
apex round-pointed, termen obliquely rounded ; 2 and 3 coin-
cident, 7 to termen, 9 separate ; brown-whitish with slight

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 159

fuscous irroration; stigmata obsolete; cilia pale-grey.
Hindwings with 3 and 5 approximated at origin, 6 and 7
long-stalked ; pale-grey ; cilia pale-grey.

A small and very inconspicuous species.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in October ; one specimen.

Gen. LOBOPTILA nov.

AoBoxtihos, with lobed wing.

Antenne ?; without pecten; ( $ unknown). Labial
palpi very long, recurved ; second joint exceeding base of
antenne, slender, smooth-scaled ; terminal joint longer
than second, slender, acute. Forewings rather broad,
subquadrate, basal half of costa expanded in a rounded
lobe ; 2 and 3 separate, parallel, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex
Hindwings 14, apex round-pointed, termen sinuate ; 2 from
near end of cell, 3, 4, 5, nearly connate, 6 and 7 separate.
slightly approximated at base, 8 widely separate from cell,
but connected with it by a long oblique bar, which arises
‘from cell before middle.

A very isolated genus in the Australian fauna.

LoBOPTILA LEURODES n. sp.
Aevowdng, polished.
g. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax white. Palpi white ;
basal 2 of second joint fuscous ; apex of terminal joint dark-
-fuscous. Antenne white, towards apex grey with some
blackish scales. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs whitish; tarsi
with three elongate fuscous dots on upper surface ; anterior
pair suffused with fuscous. Forewings with basal half of
costa expanded into a rounded lobe, thence sinuate, apex
pointed, termen sinuate ; white ; markings and a few scattered
scales dark-fuscous; a dot on dorsumat 2; discal dots
minute, first before middle, second at 2, plical obsolete ;
an elongate mark at ?, connected by irroration with tornus
and representing a posterior line ; two or three dots on costa
towards apex ; a terminal line ; cilia ochreous-whitish with
a median fuscous line. Hindwings and cilia whitish-grey.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in October ; four specimens
‘received from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

160 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

Gen. CROESOPOLA.

Croesopola Meyr., P.L.S., N.S.W., 1904, p. 410
Antenne of ¢ moderately ciliated (1).

CROESOPOLA EUDELA 7. 87.

EBONAOS, conspicuous.

2.16 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpifuscous ;
apex of terminal joint whitish. Antenne fuscous, paler
towards apex. Abdomen pale-fuscous. Legs fuscous ‘
outer surface of anterior tibize and tarsi whitish ; middle and
posterior tibie with two whitish rings; upper surface of
posterior tibiz and tarsi ochreous-whitish. Forewings with
costa gently arched, apex acute, termen strongly sinuate,
not oblique; grey; markings blackish-fuscous narrowly
edged with whitish-ochreous ; an elongate sub-basal spot
beneath costa; a rounded dorsal blotch before middle
reaching 4 across disc ; a round discal spot at 2, indented
anteriorly ; an elongate triangular mark on mid-costa ; an
apical patch bounded by a line from 2 costa to tornus, its
lower part crossed by four incomplete, whitish-ochreous,
longitudinal lines ; a grey terminal line, but terminal edge
fuscous ; cilia whitish-ochreous, apices grey, on tornus grey.
Hindwings 13, apex round-pointed, termen not sinuate ;
rather dark grey; cilia grey; bases ochreous-whitish, a
sub-basal dark line not extending to tornus, towards tornus
wholly ochreous-whitish. °

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in March; one specimen
received from Mr. F. P. Dodd.

CYMATOMORPHA SCOTIA 7. 8p.

oxotios, dusky.

3g. 12 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-whitish,
suffused with pale-fuscous. Palpi with apical tuft of second
joint long; ochreous-whitish; second joint with some
fuscous irroration on external surface ; terminal joint with
basal, median; and subapical dark-fuscous rings. Antenne
grey. Abdomen fuscous. Legs fuscous; tibize and tarsi
annulated with whitish. Forewings narrow, costa gently
arched, apex pointed, termen very oblique; 6 separate ;
ochreous - whitish uniformly suffused with fuscous ;

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 165

several tufts of raised scales on or near costa, one especially
large at 4; cilia grey, bases ochreous-whitish with some
fuscous admixture. Hindwings with apex pointed, only
slightly produced ; grey; cilia grey.

Although I think congeneric, it differs from the type
in the longer palpal tuft, separation of 6 of forewings, and
less produced apex of hindwings.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in June ; one specimen.

ANARSIA PATULELLA.

Gelechia patulella Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xxrx, p. 635.

3 214-16 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi grey ;
external surface of second joint except apex fuscous ; ter-
minal joint in @2 with broad median and apical fuscous
rings. Antennz fuscous. Abdomen fuscous, tuft ochreous-
whitish. Legs fuscous ; posterior pair grey-whitish on upper
surface. Forewings narrow, costa slightly arched apex
pointed, termen very oblique ; whitish irrorated with grey ;
markings and some scattered scales dark-fuscous ; costal
dots at + and 2; a small triangular median costal patch, with
an oval spot beneath it in disc ; sometimes a dot on fold
near base, and two dots beneath fold ; an indistinct tornal
spot ; some dots on costa towards apex and on termen ;
cilia grey with whitish points. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Q., Brisbane, in July, August, February and April.
N.S.W., Sydney (Narrabeen), in November ; eight specimens.
Also from India and Ceylon.

Gen. EPpimsacta nov.
émeloaxtos, foreign.

Antenne #2; without pecten; in J serrate towards
apex. Labial palpi very long, recurved ; second joint with
two large triangular tufts, one at base, another at apex ;
terminal joint longer than second, rather stout, acute, with
small posterior tufts at middle and ?. Forewings narrow,
with small raised tufts of scales in disc and on costa; 2 and 3
separate, parallel, 7 and 8 out of 6, or 6 separate, 7 to costa.
Hindwings about 14, apex round-pointed, termen not.
sinuate ; cilia about 2; 3and 4 separate, 5 approximated to

4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.
M

162 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

Type Chelaria discissa Meyr. (Exot. Micro. i, p. 581),
from Kuranda, near Cairns. Nearly allied to Chelaria Haw.,
but differs in having two tufts on each palpal joint instead
of one, and in the raised scales on forewings. The latter
character is better marked in the species described below
than in the type. Diuscissa has vein 6 of the forewings
stalked ; this is an inconstant character in many genera.

EPISACTA TOREUTA n. Sp.

Tooevtos, carved in relief.

gd. 14 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish; external
-surface of second joint including tufts with two transverse
fuscous bars ; terminal joint pale-fuscous, apex and apices
of tufts whitish. Antennz whitish with fine grey annu-
lations. Thorax and abdomen whitish. Legs whitish ;
anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi fuscous with whitish
annulations. Forewings narrow, costa gently arched, apex
rounded, termen very obliquely rounded; 6 separate ;
whitish, markings and some scattered irroration fuscous ; a
small tuft of whitish scales on costa at 2; several tufts of
raised scales towards base, two of them larger, first above
fold at 4, second beneath fold beyond first ; a triangular
blotch on costa from } to #, its apex reaching to fold; a
spot on termen beyond tornus; an ill-defined subapical
suffusion ; a line of indistinct dots before and parallel to
termen ; cilia whitish, indistinctly barred with fuscous
around apex. Hindwings pale-grey becoming whitish
towards base; cilia pale-grey, on dorsum whitish.

N.Q., Kuranda, near Cairns, in June ; one specimen.

Gen. TITUACIA.

Tituacia Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. xx1x, p. 812.

Antenne 3; without pecten; in 3 simple. Labial
palpi very long, recurved ; second joint with a small anterior
apical tuft ; terminal joint longer than second, rather stout,
acute, with a moderate posterior tuft at middJe, and a second
larger at 32. Forewings with tufts of raised scales in dise
- and on costa; 2 from well before angle, 3 and 4 connate
or stalked from angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hind-
wings about 13, apex rounded, termen not sinuate ; cilia

BY A JEFFERIS TURNER. 163

about 4; 3. and 4 connate, 5 curved and closely approximated
to 4 at base, 6 and 7 stalked.

Also allied to Chelaria but differs from this and the
preceding genus in having 3 and 4 of hindwings connate.

TITUACIA DEVIELLA.

Tituacia deviella Wlk., Cat. Brit. Mus. XX1x, p. 812.

$d 2. 18-20 mm. Head and thorax grey with a few
fuscous scales. Palpi grey with fuscous tufts and irroration.
Antenne grey-whitish with slender fuscous annulations.
Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs whitish ; tarsi fuscous with
whitish annulations Forewings moderately broad, costa
bisinuate with several scale-tufts, one larger at #, apex
rounded, termen obliquely rounded; whitish-grey with
patchy fuscous irroration ; median fuscous dots at ;4 and
4, another intermediate beneath fold ; an ill-defined sub.
triangular fuscous costal blotch on middle third ; a blackish
apical spot with smaller blackish dots above and beneath
it; cilia pale-grey, bases barred with brownish-fuscous.
Hindwings grey, paler towards base ; cilia pale-grey.

Q., Brisbane ; two specimens taken 25 years since.
Also from Ceylon.

Gen. BRACHYACMA.

Brachyacma Meyr., Tr. E.S., 1886, p. 278.

Antenne ?; without pecten; in g simple. Labial
palpi moderately long, recurved ; second joint thickened
with appressed hairs, somewhat rough beneath towards
apex, above with a strong median tuft of loose hairs,
diminishing to apex; terminal joint less than } second,
slender, acute. Forewings with 2 from well before
angle, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings about
1, apex round-pointed, projecting, termen emarginate ;
cilia 14; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approximated to 4
at origin, 6 and 7 stalked.

Type B. epiochra Meyr., from Fiji.

BRACHYACMA EPICHORDA n. Sp.
émuyoodoc, striped.
g. 14-18 mm. Head and thorax ochreous-grey.
Palvi ochreous-grey ; apex of second joint ochreous-whitish :

164 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

terminal joint whitish, at apex blackish. Antenne grey.
Abdomen ochreous-brown. Legs fuscous. Forewings
narrow-elongate, costa very slightly arched, apex rounded,
termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; a whitish streak
from base to apex, posteriorly brownish-tinged, running
along costa to 4 leaving only costal edge fuscous, thence
separated from costa by a fuscous-brown streak attenuated
at extremities ; three dark-fuscous terminal dots more or
less developed ; cilia grey. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Q., Brisbane, in January, February and April; Too

woomba, in March ; six specimens.

NOTHRIS APENTHETA 2X. Sp.

amevOntoc, cheerful.

gS. 10 mm. Head white. Palpi white ; external sur-
face of second joint and apex of terminal joint fuscous.
Antenne fuscous. Thorax fuscous; tegulae white.
Abdomen grey, base of dorsum ochreous-tinged. Legs
grey ; tarsi with fine whitish annulations. Forewings with
costa straight in middle, rather strongly bent towards base
and apex, apex acute, termen yery oblique ; fuscous-grey ; a
broad white streak from base to apex, running along costa
to middle, then through disc, interrupted before apex ;.
costal edge towards base fuscous ; an interrupted narrow
dark-fuscous longitudinal line slightly above middle from
base to 3, edged above and beneath with ochreous ; cilia
grey with whitish points, a blackish basal line on costa,
forming beneath apex a median hook, which is preceded by
a short basal blackish streak. Hindwings and cilia pale-
grey.

N.S.W., Sydney, in March ; one specimen.

NOTHRIS ACROMELAS n. sp.

axoouehac, black at the apex.

gS. 14 mm. Head and thorax whitish. Palpi
whitish ; external surface of second joint except apex
fuscous. Antenne whitish-grey annulated with dark-
fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous ; tarsi with obscure
whitish annulations. Forewings with costa nearly straight
except towards base and apex, apex pointed, termen very

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 165

oblique ; whitish with slight brownish suffusion ; discal
dots and a few scattered scales blackish ; first discal at 4,
second at 3, plical well beyond first discal ; a small irregular
apical blackish spot, with some marginal blackish dots on
costa towards apex and on termen; cilia grey-whitish.
Hindwings and cilia grey.

N.S.W., Murwillumbah, in September ; one specimen.

NOTHRIS CENTROSPILA 2. Sp.

xevt ooomthos, with central spot.

og. 15 mm. Head whitish. Palpi whitish; second
joint with external surface except apex fuscous ; terminal
joint with sub-basal, median, and subapical] fuscous rings.
Antenne fuscous, towards base whitish. Thorax grey-
whitish. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous; posterior pair
ochreous-whitish. Forewings with costa strongly arched,
apex pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; grey-whitish ;
some fuscous irroration along costa and termen; a longi-
tudinally-elongate dark-fuscous central discal spot; cilia
grey-whitish. Hindwings pale-grey, darker towards apex ;
cilia pale-grey.

Q., Brisbane, in December ; one specimen.

NoOTHRIS CYRTOPLEURA n. Sp.

xvotomdevoos, with bent costa.

3 2. 15-16 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish.
Palpi whitish ; external surface of second joint except apex
fuscous ; terminal joint with sub-basal, median, and sub-
apical blackish rings, the two latter sometimes confluent.
Antenne whitish annulated with fuscous, towards apex
wholly fuscous. Abdomen pale grey. Legs fuscous ; tarsi
annulated with whitish ; posterior pair whitish with grey
irroration. Forewings elongate-oval, costa strongly arched,
apex pointed, termen very oblique ; grey-whitish with fuscous
irroration and markings, the latter somewhat ill-defined ;
four or five costal dots at 3, 4, middle and towards apex ;
two suffused dorsal spots, before middle and at. tornus ;
median discal spots at middle and 3, more or less defined ;
some terminal dots : cilia grey-whitish with obscure fuscous
bars around apex. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

166 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

N.A., Port Darwin (in Coll. Meyrick) ; N.Q., Kuranda,
near Cairns, in September; Q., Brisbane, in August,
December and February ; four specimens.

NoOTHRIS MESOPHRACTA 1. Sp.

fecog~oaxtos, with median bar.

6. 24 mm. Head whitish; sides of face fuscous.
Palpi whitish ; second joint with external surface dark-
fuscous except at apex, tuft long; terminal joint with apex
dark-fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax whitish, patagia
and a fine median line dark-fuscous. Abdomen pale-
ochreous, towards apex ochreous-whitish. Legs fuscous 3.
upper surface of posterior pair whitish. Forewings narrow,
costa slightly arched, apex pointed, termen extremely
oblique ; whitish with a few fuscous scales mostly on veins ;
a broad median dark-fuscous streak from base to apex,
and prolonged through cilia ; cilia grey, apices whitish.
Hindwings with termen strongly sinuate; whitish-grey ;
cilia grey-whitish.

Type in Coll. Lyell.

V., Wandin, in November ; one specimen.

Gen. RHADINOPHYLLA nov.

oadwogvddoc, slender-winged.

Antenne J ; without pecten; in g(unknown). Labial
palpi long, recurved; second joint rough-hairsd above
towards apex, and with a long anterior apical tuft ; terminal
joint longer than second, slender, acute. Forewings with 2
and 3 coincident, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa. Hindwings
less than 1, apex acute, strongly produced, termen obtusely
emarginate ; cilia 23 ; 3 and 4 connate, 5 somewhat approxi-
mated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

This and the following are derivatives of Dichomeris
differing in the neuration of the forewings.

RHADINOPHYLLA SIDEROSEMA 2. Sp.

oldnooonmoc, iron-marked.

9. 10 mm. Head and thorax pale-grey. Palpi grey ;
apex of second joint white. Abdomen grey. Legs fuscous ;
tarsi with obscure whitish annulations. Forewings narrow,

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 167

costa nearly straight, apex rounded, termen very oblique ;
whitish closely irrorated with grey except towards costa ;
costal edge towards base dark-fuscous ; some dark-fuscous
dots, one on fold at }, first discal at 4, second discal at 3,
plical beyond first discal ; a costal dot at 3, another at tornus,
the two connected by a narrow transverse ferruginous
fascia, which touches second discal dot ; a series of ferrug-
inous-fuscous dots on termen and apical third of costa ;
cilia whitish with a fine fuscous median line round apex.
Hindwings and cilia grey.

N.Q., Mourilyan Harbour, near Innisfail, in July ;
one specimen.

Gen. EuRYSARA nov.

evovoaoos, with broad brushes.

Antenne g; without pecten; in g simple. Labial
palpi long, recurved ; second joint greatly thickened toward
apex, forming a very broad rough-scaled tuft, its breadth
being as long as second joint ; terminal joint about as long
as second, very slender, acute. Forewings with 2 and 3.
stalked, 8 and 9 out of 7, 7 to apex. Hindwings about 13,
apex pointed, termen sinuate ; cilia 2; 2 and 3 connate, 5
somewhat approximated to 4, 6 and 7 stalked.

A derivative of Dichomeris, differing in the neuration of
forewing, and the greatly dilated second joint of palpi.

EURYSARA PLEUROPHHA 2. Sp.

mievoopatos, with dusky costa.

6. 18 mm. Head fuscous, face grey. Palpi dark-
fuscous, inner surface paler, Antenne pale-fuscous annu-
lated with black. Thorax pale ochreous-brown, patagia
fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs, fuscous; tarsi annu-
lated with whitish. Forewings moderately elongate, costa-
straight except near base and apex, apex round-pointed,
termen obliquely rounded; pale ochreous-brown ; costa
dark-fuscous throughout, commencing as a broad line from
base, widening at } to a blotch extending half across disc,
narrowing to a point shortly before apex ; a minute fuscous
dot on fold in middle, and another above tornus ; a trans-
verse ferruginous-brown line from apex of costa! patch to

168 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

termen ; apex suffused with ferruginous-brown ; cilia grey
with whitish points, bases ferruginous-brown barred with
fuscous. Hindwings and cilia dark-grey.

Q., Coolangatta, in March ; one specimen.

DICHOMERIS XUTHOCHYTA 7. sp.

Eovboxvtoc, with tawny suffusion.

3. 10 mm. Head, antenne, thorax, and abdomen
fuscous. Palpi with tuft long; fuscous. Legs fuscous ;
posterior pair whitish-ochreous, spurs and tarsal rings
fuscous. Forewings narrow, costa nearly straight, apex
rounded, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; discal
dots very obscurely darker, plical beyond first discal ;
cilia fuscous, bases narrowly whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
fuscous ; a large tornal ochreous blotch extending from mid-
dorsum to mid termen ; cilia fuscous, on blotch ochreous.

Q., Brisbane, in November and February ; two speci-
mens.

DICHOMERIS PERLEVIS 7. sp.

perlevis, very light.

3 @. 12 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish. Palpi
with tuft moderately long ; fuscous ; apex of second joint
and posterior surface of terminal joint white. Antenne
pale-grey. (Abdomen broken). Legs fuscous; posterior
pair ochreous-whitish. Forewings narrow, costa slightly
arched, apex pointed, termen very oblique ; whitish suffused
with grey ; dots fuscous, one on fold at 4, first discal about
middle, second at ?, plical before first discal ; an interrupted
blackish line round apex and termen ; cilia pale-grey slightly
ochreous-tinged. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

Q., Montville (1,500 feet), near Nambour, in October ;
Mount Tambourine, in February ; two specimens.

DICHOMERIS ACROGYPSA 2”. sp.

axooyvyoc, chalky at the apex.

g. 13 mm. Head and thorax pale-fuscous. Palpi
with tuft long, whitish ; second joint except apex, and
anterior edge of terminal joint fuscous. Antenne fuscous.
Abdomen pale-grey. Legs fuscous ; posterior tarsi whitish.

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 169

Forewings with costa straight to 3, thence arched, apex round-
pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous with a
slight purple tinge ; fine blackish dorsal strigule ; apical }
whitish with a few fuscous and blackish scales ; cilia whitish,
on apex and tornus fuscous. Hindwings and cilia grey.

Q., Rosewood, in April; one specimen.

DICHOMERIS CIRRHOSTOLA 1. Sp.

xtopoatodos, in yellowish robe.

3g. 14-17 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen whitish-
ochreous. Palpi with tuft long; whitish-ochreous. Legs
whitish-ochreous ; anterior pair suffused with fuscous.
Forewings with costa gently arched, apex rounded, termen
rounded, slightly oblique ; whitish-ochreous ; costal edge
at base fuscous ; some ochreous-fuscous irroration before
lower part of termen ; cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings
and cilia ochreous-whitish.

Q., Adavale in April and May ; two specimens.

DicHOMERIS PLEUROLEUCA 2. sp.

mhevoodevxos, with white costa.

9. 20 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous.
Palpi with tuft long ; whitish-ochreous ; basal ? of external
surface of second joint fuscous; terminal joint except
extreme apex fuscous. Antenne whitish annulated with
grey. (Abdomen broken). Legs fuscous; posterior pair
whitish. Forewings with costa moderately arched, apex
round-pointed, termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; a
broad ochreous-whitish costal streak from base nearly to
apex, narrowing posteriorly, with a small angular pro-
jection on lower edge at 4; cilia whitish with two obscure
grey lines. Hindwings grey-whitish ; cilia whitish.

Q., Eidsvold; one specimen received from Dr. T.
Bancroft.

DICHOMERIS ANCYLOSTICHA 7. Sp.

ayxvdootiyos, with bent line.

g. 20 mm. Head and thorax fuscous. Palpi with
second joint extremely long, upper surface densely rough-
scaled on posterior 3, a small anterior apical tuft ; terminal

170 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

joint about } second, slender, acute; fuscous, posterior
surface of terminal joint except apex whitish. Antenne:
grey annulated with dark-fuscous. (Abdomen broken). Legs
fuscous ; (posterior pair missing). Forewings with costa-
strongly arched near base, thence straight nearly to apex,
apex rounded, termen obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; a broad.
median blackish streak from base, soon bent to above fold-
and narrowing to a point at 2 ; first discal touching or just.
beyond apex of streak, second at 3, plical before first discal.,.
blackish ; a whitish costal suffusion containing some ferrug--
inous scales ; cilia fuscous, on termen partly whitish. Hind-
wings and cilia dark-grey.

This species differs considerably from others in the
form of the palpi.

Q., Hidsvold, in September; one specimen received
from Dr. T. Bancroft.

DICHOMERIS DYSORATA Nn, Sp.

dvaogatoc, hard to see.

3. 20 mm. Head and thorax grey. Palpi fuscous,
apex of second joint whitish, tuft mederately long.
Antenne grey; ciliations in ¢g 3. Abdomen grey. Legs
fuscous ; posterior pair whitish-grey. Forewings rather
narrow, costa slightly arched, apex rounded, termen oblique;.
grey with slight fuscous irroration ; stigmata very obscure,
plical beyond first discal, an additional median dot, and
another beneath second discal; a series of blackish dots, one
before apex, one at apex, and several on termen ; cilia grey.
Hindwings obtusely pointed, termen not sinuate, pale-grey ;.
cilia pale-grey.

Type in Coll. Goldfinch.

N.S.W., Sydney (Como), in September ; one specimen.

Gen. TRIGONOPHYLLA nov.

tovyovopvdsoc, with triangular wings.

Antenne about ?, without pecten; in ¢ with long
ciliations. Palpi long, recurved ; second joint thickened
towards apex, with an anterior apical tuft of loose hairs ;
terminal joint nearly as long as second, slender, acute.
Forewings with 2 from before angle, well separate from and

BY A. JEFFERIS TURNER. 171}

parallel with 3, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings
over, apex obtuse, termen’slightly sinuate ; 3 and 4 connate,
5 somewhat approximate and parallel to 4, 6 and 7 separate,
parallel.

A primitive genus near the stem of origin of Nothris
and Dichomeris.

TRIGONOPHYLLA TARACHODES Nn. Sp.

taoaywdns, confused.

g. 18 mm. Head and thorax pale ochreous-fuscous.
Palpi whitish, external surface irrorated with fuscous.
Antenne ochreous-grey-whitish; ciliations in g 3.
Abdomen pale-grey, with broad ferruginous bars on dorsum
except near base; beneath pale-reddish irrorated with
fuscous. Legs ochreous-whitish irrorated with fuscous ;
posterior pair irrorated beneath only. Forewings triangular,
costa stright except near base and apex, apex acute, termen
sinuate, hardly oblique ; pale ochreous-fuscous ; a fuscous
dot in dise at 2; three ill-defined transverse bands of fuscous
irroration, first from + costa to mid-dorsum, second from
mid-costa to tornus, third from costa to tornus parallel
to termen ; cilia pale-fuscous with whitish points. Hind-
wings whitish-ochreous, towards termen suffused with pale-
ochreous-fuscous ; Cilia whitish.

Q., Eidsvold; one specimen received from Dr. T,
Bancroft.

Gen. APROOPTA nov.
amooomtosg, unforseen.

Antenne about 3; basal joint stout, without pecten ;
in ¢ with fascicies of long cilia. Palpi moderately long,
recurved ; second joint not reaching base of antenne,
thickened with smoothly appressed scales ; terminal joirt
short (3), slender, acute. Forewings with 2 separate from
angle, 3 and 4 approximated from above angle, 7 and 8
stalked, 7 to apex. Hindwings twice as broad as forewings,
apex obtuse, termen very slightly sinuate ; 3 and 4 stalked,
5 somewhat approximated to 4 at origin, 6 and 7 stalke1,
8 approximated to end of cell.

The structure of the ¢ antenne is one very unusual
in this subfamily.

172 AUSTRALIAN GELECHIANAE

APROOPTA MELANCHLAEINA 1. SP.

pehayydawos, black-cloaked:

3g. 24 mm. Head and thorax blackish. Palpi
blackish with a few whitish scales. Antenne blackish ;
ciliations in g 3. Abdomen pale-grey. Legs fuscous ;
posterior pair whitish. Forewings rather narrow, costa
gently arched, apex rounded, termen very obliquely
rounded ; blackish, towards termen with slight whitish
admixture ; cilia blackish. Hindwings and cilia pale-grey.

Type in Coll. Goldfinch.

N.S.W., Katoomba, in October ; one specimen.

TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE: A REPLY TO
CRITICISM,

By Prof. T. Harvey Jonnston, M.A., D.Sc., and M. J,
Bancroft, B.8Sc., Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow in
Economic Biology, University, Brisbane.

Last year we published a paper on tick resistance in
cattle (J. and B. 1918), that portion of itrelating to the
claims of Mr. Munro Hull, of Eumundi, and Mr. Pound’s
comments regarding them having been abstracted by us
and issued as a report in the Queensland Agricultural
Journal of January last (J. and B. 1919). The latter was
adversely commented on by Mr. Pound (1919), to whose
criticisms we now propose to reply.*

We would like to point out, as we did last year, that
we were not concerned with Mr. Hull’s letters and reports
written many years ago, but took as the basis of our inquiry
the official statement of his claims and Mr. Pound’s find-
ings regarding them, as set out in Parliamentary Papers,
1914, vol. 2, p. 941, and in the Report of the Select Com-
mittee issued 17th December, 1915.

In our report (1919, p. 33) we stated that when the
animals were under conditions of natural infestation our
observations led us to agree with certain of Mr. Hull’s
contentions which were numbered 1, 2, and 3 in that report

(ps SE):

*The greater part of the present reply was given before the Royal
Society of Queensland in April last year, when the paper (J. and B., 1918)
was under discussion. In order to reply to certain objections then raised
by Mr. Pound, we deferred publishing this paper until we were able to
anewer them.

174 TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE

These claims as set out read as follows :—

1. That these cattle never mature more than a few odd
female ticks during the course of a year—a total
of from 50 to 100 per year being the highest esti-
mate, though the animals are regularly infested
(naturally) by myriads of larve, the majority of
which die while still very minute.

2. That as a result of such freedom from developing
ticks, these cattle do not require any attention
as regards ticks, and may be turned out on any
country for indefinite periods without experiencing
tick worry, and consequently present a clean,
sleek appearance.

3. That this pecularey, is transmissible to other cattle
by “contact” (i.e., natural infection) and by
vaccination, and is transmitted in every case to
the progeny of such animals, but does not mani-
fest its presence in the offspring until after the
first year of life.

With regard to No. 1, Mr. Pound stated that “ the
observations as conducted on the question as to the number
of ticks found on cattle at Mr. Munro Hull’s farm at Eumundi
must be regarded as only of relative value compared with
the definite and positive results obtained by Messrs. Watson
and Carmody at Yeerongpilly, on which occasion the cattle
were not artifically infested, the animals having heen
brought from a ticky paddock and placed in stalls for con-
venient and exact observations.” Judging from these
remarks, he is evidently quite satisfied that the report of
Messrs. Watson and Carmody is a sufficient answer to this
claim. We propose to examine that report in detail.

On May 12th, 1914, the animals were placed along with
ticky stock in a paddock belonging to a Mr. Chambers,
of Yeerongpilly, whose property was adjacent to Mr. Pound’s
laboratory, where on June 8th they were brought into stalls,
having been for 27 days exposed to infection.

The following results are tabulated from Watson’s
reports (R.S.C., pp. 31-2) regarding “ Tinkerbell,” one of
the two animals; since in the other case, ‘Clover,’ no
details were given. Only the number of mature ticks

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT 175

actually collected was recorded, mention having been
made, however, that a number were also seen on the
floor. Mr. Watson’s record was checked on each occasion
by Mr. Carmody, a stock inspector of the Agricultural
Department.

Days from | Days from No. or
date of com- date of No. of fully
Date. mencement placing in- developed Remarks.
of exposure in spections.| ticks
i) stalls. found on
infestation. | animal. !
June 8th 28 — 1 0 12 ticks l4 to 16
days old seen ;
numerous smal]
ticks.
June 9th 29 1 0 =
June 16th 30 2 il 1
June 11th 31 hee 1 1 15-18 ticks from
16-18 days old.
June 12th 32 4 1 3 Numerous small
ticks.
June 13th 33 5 0 —
June 14th 34 6 1 2
June 15th 35 7 i! 3
June 16th 36 8 — 0 Numerous ticks
developing.
June 17th 37 9 1 3
June 18th 38 10 1 7
June 19th 39 ll 2 10
June 20th 40 12 0 —-
June 21st 4] 13 0 —
June 22nd 42 14 2 37
June 23rd 43 15 +74 32
June 24th 44 16 2 65
June 25th 45 17 2 66
June 26th 46 18 2 64
June 27th 47 19 SR ras:
June 28th 48 20 0 — No inspection.
June 29th 49 21 2 100
June 30th 50 22 2 135
July Ist 51 23 a 126
July 2nd 52 24 1 84
July 3rd 53 25 1 45

Total collected, 851.

Mr. Chambers, in whose paddocks—admitted by both
Mr. Pound and himself to be ticky—these animals had been
pastured between the 12th May and 8th June, stated that
no ticks were found on them. That they must have been
practically tick free is shown by Mr. Watson’s findings,
he having been able to collect thirty mature ticks as a
result of ten separate examinations between the 8th and
19th June, each examination having been stated as lasting
about half an hour. It was remarked, however, that a

176 TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE

few mature ticks were found on the floor. Even supposing
that as many had dropped off as there were found on the
animal, it would show that the cow under inspection and
kept in a stall after a sojourn in a ticky paddock, had for
some reason or another, not matured more than a few ticks.
during that period.

During the first ten days there were actually taken
from the animal only 20 engorged ticks. During the next
ten days the total was 341, while in the succeeding five days.
490 were collected. In other words, during the first nine-
teen days of stalling, 361 were obtained. There was no
inspection on the 20th day. From the 2lst to the 25th
day inclusive, there were eight inspections and about 150:
more ticks were obtained during that time than during the
whole of the preceding period. The maximum number
was collected on the 22nd day and nearly as many on the
23rd day.

Schroeder states that 22 days is the normal parasitic
period of a cattle tick in the U.S.A., the limits being 15 to
40 days. Graybill reported that it extended from 22 to
25 days in May and June in the southern part of the U.S.A.,
and from 25 to 34 in February and March, 7.e., during late .
winter. The climate in the American regions referred to is
much colder than that of Brisbane, hence the tick parasitic
periods are likély to be longer than they are in our locality.
Experimental work carried out in Southern Queensland
under the direction of the senior author has shown that the
periods average approximately 22 or 23 days from April
to May, and 24 or 25 days in June and early July. The
available evidence then points to the experimental animal
having become parasitised by larval ticks at about the time
of, or immediately after, stalling.

Mr. Watson’s report, in our opinion, proved that the
animal was able to mature ticks when confined in a stall.
It also shows quite conclusively that extremely few ticks
became engorged in spite of the cow‘s prolonged sojourn
under natural conditions of infestation in an admittedly
ticky paddock.

Mr. Pound ignores the evidence of various observers
who had had the same animals under their care (see our
previous paper, 1918, pp. 243-3

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT 177

We feel justified in reiterating our previous remark
(1918, p. 247), that the evidence before us was sufficient
to justify the statement that under conditions of ordinary
natural infestation, the test cattle did not mature ticks in
sufficient numbers to require any treatment to prevent
tick worry (claim No. 2).

The report criticised by Mr. Pound was merely an
abstract from the larger paper and owing to inadvertence
an error was introduced. We do not agree with claim
No. 3 in the short report (1919. p. 31). That such is the
case is readily seen by a perusal of the report (p. 34-5), as
well as Mr. Pound’s remarks relating to the transmissi-
bility of tick resistance.* We know that disease resistance
is a hereditarily transmissible quality both in plants** and
-animals. t

Mr. Pound (p. 38), states that our remarks relating to
the death of one of the anima’‘s (Clover) were not borne out
‘by Mr. Hull's letters, and yet he goes on to say (p. 39)
that he was greatly surprised to find that the animal which
was returned to him was not Clover but Tinkerbell. We
have already referred to the confusion regarding the two
animals (1918, p. 247). We have a letter from Mr. H. A.
Jones, Secretary of the Wide Bay and Burnett Pastoral
-and Agricultural Society, dated Ist February, 1916, con-
‘taining a report from Messrs. Butcher and Rex who had
‘the two animals under their care. The names of the two
cows were transposed. ‘* Tinkerbell’’ (¢.e., the real
‘Clover), as a result of drought, became low in condition
-and badly infested with ticks, a minor accident, together
with age and poverty, causing her death.

*In reference to our suggestion (1918) that the serum of tick resistant
-cattle may differ from that of non-resistant animals, it is of interest to
“note that Hall and Wigdor (Arch. Internal Medicine, Nov., 1918, 22, pp.
601-9), in their experimental study of serum therapy in Trichinosis refer
‘to the effects of injecting serum from recovered individuals as a means of
-counteracting trichina poisoning.

**Disease resistance in plants has been made use of economically,
-¢.g., Phylloxera resistant stocks for grapes, rust resistance in wheat, etc.
‘See also Botanical Abstracts 1 (4), Dec., 1918, p. 155, No. 903.

+Metchinkoff, Immunity in Infective Diseases, Cambr. Univ. Press,
1907, p. 445, ete.
SN

178 TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE

Mr. Pound (p. 39), stated that on the return of ‘‘ Tinker-
bell’ to Yeerongpilly, after careful search, he failed to find
any ticks, but that there was ample evidence of recent
heavy tick infestation. also positive evidence that the cow
had been treated with some arsenical compound. We have
a letter from the Secretary of the above named Pastoral
and Agricultural Society stating that the local Stock
Inspector would not permit the animal to travel unless
dipped. Consequently the presence of arsenic would be
expected.

In order to meet objections to our remarks relating to
Mr. Hull’s so-called ‘‘ winter ticks ’’ and to the temperatures.
of his animals during winter, one of us examined his herd
in July last. The shade temperatures during the afternoon
on 28th July were 72.2 degrees F., at 2 p.m., and 67 at 4
p.m. The animals were either feeding quietly or rumin-
‘ating in the paddocks, and were not disturbed in any way,
so that the temperatures registered per vaginam can be
regarded as normal. Opportunity was taken to inspect the
cattle for the presence of exudate and ticks. Those marked
‘*R”’ are considered by Mr. Hull to be tick resistant.

Kittiwake, R., 102.4, no trace of ticks other than
nymphs and larvae. dried exudate plentiful ; Sprite, R..,
101.6, a few small pale immature ticks; Lotus R., 102.1,
a few engorged ticks present: Wallum, R., 99.9, no ticks
seen ; Dawn, 103.0 (previously resistant), poor condition,
numerous fully engorged ticks : Wallum’s steer, ?R., 102.3,
a few developing ticks noticed: Tinkerbell, 4., R., 101.8,
no ticks seen: Yellow 3, R.. 103.8, just about to calve,
traces of exudate; Spot, 102.3, a number of engorged
ticks present ;: Donkey. R., 102.1, traces of exudate, very
few young ticks seen, no adults : Seagull R. 102.4, clean,
traces of exudate ; Brownie, 102.4, engorged ticks present ;
Sweetbriar, R., 101.6, clean, except for the presence of some
early nymphs, small amount of exudate; Peewee, R., 102.7,
clean ; Isis, R., 102.1, a few ticks seen ; Squib, R., 102.2,
clean; Greedy, 103.8, poor condition, calved one week
previously, engorged ticks present, also exudate, normally
a resistant animal but reported by Mr. Hull as ticlky this
year ; Primula (from Primrose) R., 102.9, clean ; Baby, R.,

BY T. HARVEY JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT 179

102.0, dried exudate present, also a few ticks ; Pride, 102.6,
ticky : Fairy, R., 102.8, clean, traces of exudate.

It will be seen then that Mr. Hull’s contention that his
resistant animals have a normal temperature one to 24
degrees higher than the others during the winter months,
is not borne out by our observations, as the variations
noticed fall within the normal limits. Again, his contention
that, during the winter months, such resistant cattle allow
more ticks to mature on them than during summer, while
the reverse is the case with non-resisting stock, is also not
verified by our observations.

Mr. A. W. Johnston, of Cowleigh, Thagoona, forwarded
us (31/5/19), a report on the animals which had been running
for so long on Mr. Hull’s property (J. and B., 1918, p.
263-5) On the red heifer R.O.8 and the red and white
R.O.8 only an odd tick was to be seenat anytime. J.4.V.
was in the same condition though running regularly with a
herd that was badly tick infested. None of these three
animals had at any time since their return carried ticks
in sufficient numbers to warrant dipping, though they hag
been so treated along with the rest of the herd. The remain-
ing two heifers T.3.0. were not at the time available for
inspection, but Mr. Johnston stated that when last seen
they were decidedly less infested than the remainder of the
herd in whose company they were. The exudate referred
to in our previous paper had not been noticed: We are
not at present in a position to comment on this report.

Mr. I. Titmarsh, Carrington, Kalbar, wrote in September
last stating that he had reluctantly followed Mr. Hull’s
ideas, and had not dipped his herd for the past two years,
yet his cows and calves were free from ticks. Ticky stock
had been introduced from elsewhere, but after having been
on his property for a year had become tick-free.

180 TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE

1918—Johnston, T. H., and Bancroft, M. J., A tick resistant condition in
cattle, P.R.S., Q’land, 30 (17), 1918, pp. 219-317 (summary
republished in ‘‘ The cattle tick pest’? Bull. 13, Advisory
Council of Science and Industry, 1919, p. 39).

1919—Johnston, T. H. and Bancroft, M. J., Report on Mr. Munro Hull’s
claims regarding tick resisting cattle. Q’land Agric. Jour.,
January, 1919, pp. 31-35.

1919—Pound, C. J., Comments (on Johnston and Bancroft, 1919), Q’land
Agric. Journ. January, 1919, pp. 36-39.

1915—R.S.C. Report on the Select Committee into the alleged discovery of
a remedy for cattle tick, etc. Parliamentary Papers, Govt.
Printer, Brisbane, December, 1915.

THE LIFE HISTORIES OF MUSCA AUSTRALIS
MACQ.. AND M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

By Proressor T. H. Jounston, M.A., D.Sc., and M. J.
Bancrort, B.Sc., Walter and Eliza Hall Fellow
in Economic Biology, University, Brisbane.

(26 Text-figures).

For some time past we have been engaged in the
study of Australian diptera as transmiiters of certain
nematode parasites of stock. This has involved the
dissection of large numbers of adults, pupae, and larvae
of various species, and has necessitated a study of the life
history of the commoner forms in the district (Eidsvold,
Upper Burnett River, Queensland) where the work has
been carried out.

On account of the inadequacy of the available
descriptions of the two * bush flies ’’ especially dealt with
in this paper, we have deemed it advisable to supplement
them and to add figures of the two sexes of each species.

In regard to these two species of flies, J/usca australis
Macq. and M. vetustissima Walker, we may state that in
the Upper Burnett district they are both abundant during
the summer, but during the winter the latter is rarely
seen, while the former remains fairly common except
during midwinter, when it becomes scarce. Neither of
them occurs indoors unless attracted by the presence of
dead animal matter, etc., e.g., in the laboratory.

Certain other flies found in the district may be
referred to. Many of the local Tabanids have been worked
out by E. E. Austen, of the British Museum, and by
F. H. Taylor, late of the Australian Institute of Tropical
Medicine. Both of these dipterologists have kindly
identified some of the flies referred to in this list. Musca

182 MUSCA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

domestica is common in houses, but Fannia scalaris and
F. canicularis have not yet been noticed, nor has Muscina
stabulans, though the last two-named occur in Brisbane.
Stomoxys calcitrans is decidedly scarce in the bush, but
common in the vicinity of stables in certain outlying
districts. Though there are plenty of suitable breeding
places in Eidsvold, yet specimens of the species have not
been noticed in the township Amongst blowflies one
notes that Anastellorhina augur Fabr. (syn. Calliphora
oceantae) is very common right through the year, while
others which occur in the district are Neocalliphora ochracea,
Pollenia stygia Fabr. (syn. Calliphora villosa), and the
metallic blowflies Lucilia sericata, Calliphora incisuralis,
Pycnosoma rufifacies and P. varipes. Belonging to the
Anthomyide are Ophyra nigra; also a small black
Fannia sp., very commonly seen on stock; and, in
addition, a slightly larger slaty grey species (Fannta sp.)
which is rather uncommon—both of these breeding in
cowdung, while Oph. nigra is one of the “sheep
maggot flies.’ There is also a rather small blowfly
(Lasiopyrellia) of a bright metallic green colour (like that
of a Pycnosoma) when alive, but changing to a fine cobalt
blue in from one to two days after death. This species is
rather broader and shorter than typical examples of
M. australis. It deposits its eggs in cow manure. Also
ovipositing in the same material is a very small blowfly
(probably a Pseudopyrellia) resembling the Lasiopyrellia
in colouration when alive, but when dead the blue is less
intense and slightly greenish, and the wings more
iridescent. This fly possesses habits similar to those of
Pseudopyrellia australis mentioned by Cleland (1913,
p. 566). Sarcophaga misera Walker is common, especially
during summer. In addition to the above one might
mention the presence of a Muscid, Musca sp. indet., which
is rare in the locality and lays its eggs in horse dung.

Musca AUSTRALIS Macquart.*
(Text-figures 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25.)
The original description (Macquart, 1842, p. 152),
is as follows :—

*See Addendum regarding this specific name.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M, J. BANCROFT. 183

Musca australis, Nob. Voyage autour du monde, de
M. Leguillon. ¢ Fronte sublarga. 9 Cinerea.
Thorace quadrivittata. | Abdomine nigro tessel-
lato. Squamis flavidis. Nervo transverso cellulae
discoidalis subrecto. (Tab. 20, fig. 10).

Long. 31. 9. Semblable a la M. corvina; elle n’en
differe que par les cuillerons un peu jaunatres
au lieu de blancs, et par la nervure terminale de
la cellule discoidale des ailes, qui est presque
droite au lieu de sinueuse.

Des iles Salomon et des iles Viti.

Mate: Front etroit que dans le M. corvina. De plus,
les mémes différences. specifiques que dans la
femelle.

De Hobart-Town, dans la Tasmanie, et de Vanoo,
aux iles Viti.

Un individu 9 alabdomen dépouillé de duvet. Une
varicté du male a l’abdomen fauve seulement
sur une petite partie des cotes.

Une variété a l’abdomen fauve comme le male, avec
une ligne dorsale noire.

The general colour is lighter than that of the house
fly*. The normal length of both sexes is 7 mm. When
at rest the wings of the male lie obliquely in relation to
the plane of the body, the costa being raised: those of
the female Jie closer to the body.

General habits. The flies} frequent cattle and horses,
clustering round the eyes, mouth and nostrils, and any

*To simplify comparisons we have taken as a standard description
that given by Graham-Smith for Musca domestica, 1914, p. 19.

For our drawings and descriptions of colouration we have examined
specimens with the posterior region of the animal towards the light. We
-deem it necessary to make this statement since if the insect be viewed
with the light from the opposite quarter then very often the parts which
were light coloured in the first instance become dark, and vice versa. This
is particularly obvious in the case of the thoracic stripes but also holds
good for certain other structures, including the frontal stripe and adjacent
frons.

+These flies may be parasitised by larval mites. a red one probably
Acarus muscarum Linn. and also a minute whitish species.

184 «wUscA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

sore or abrasion of the skin. They suck the weat and
mucus and also blood if a raw surface is available. They
alight on fresh dung for feeding purposes as well as for the
deposition of larvae.

Maie.

Head. The eyes practically touch for a considerable
distance, the ocellar tubercle being closely hemmed in
between the inner and posterior borders of the eyes and.
separated from them by a very narrow silvery stripe.
The black frontal stripe is extremely narrow.

Frontal margin of the eye practically obliterated.
Cheeks and face silvery. Antennae dark silvery-grey.
Aristae black and feathered (fig. 10) very like those of the
house fly. Palps black.

CBA

, Sain: vetustissima 2
M. domestica 9 aes

DR M.australis 2

Thorax, If the light comes from the anterior end
the general effect is black, but if viewed from the opposite:
quarter it is silver-grey with four well-defined black
longitudinal bands, the outer ones on each side extending
to the end of the scutum, whilst the two median bands.
reach to the vicinity of the middle of the secutum but may
be continued a little further and may merge into the laterab
lines.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 185

The latter on the prescutum generally diverge out-
wardly (fig. 4). The scutellum is silvery-grey with a black
triangular patch at its anterior border, the apex of the
triangle directed backwards. There is also a faint dark
marking at the posterior end of the scutellum. It is not
proposed to refer to the chaetotaxy, though the fly is
very hairy.

M.australis

M. veTusTissima g

Wings. The wings are clear, and the veins pale
brownish-yellow towards the base. The venation is figured
in fig. 7. The wing is a stouter and broader structure
than that of the house fly. The radial longitudinal nervure
R 4-+5 is nearly straight, as is also R 2+3.

Macquart (p. 153, pl. 20, fig. 10) states that the nerve
of the discoidal cell, i.e., the medial transverse nervure
bounding the first medial cell, is almost straight. It is,
however, slightly sinuous and approximates that of
M. domestica. The medio-cubital transverse nervure is
relatively long and more inclined than in J. domestica.
The medial cell is somewhat differently shaped as will be

seen on comparing figs. 7 and 9. The alula is relatively
slightly larger than in the house fly.

186 MUSCA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

™M. domestica Q.

EXPLANATION OF LETTERING.

a. anus; ac.g. accessory gland; al. alula; an. anal lobe of wing;
as. antisquama; a.sp. process of anterior spiracle ; c.e.. clear envelope
surrounding process of anterior spiracle; cg.g conglohate gland; c.r.
chitinous rim of spiracle ; cw. cubital cell; d.c. discal cell (=first second-
medial cell); e¢. eye; f. frons; f.s. frontal stripe; M. medial cell;
m. medial transverse nervure (posterior cross vein); M 1-+2 median
longitudinal vein (fused first and second); M.cu. medio-cubital trans-
verse nervure; mus. muscle; 7.c. nurse cell of ovum; 0. ovary
od. oviduct; od.c. common oviduct; o.f. ovarian follicles; o.p. ocellar
plate or tubercle with three ocelli; o.f. so-called optic tubercle; ov.
ovum; ov.d. developing embryo. J.pe. 5th radical cell; ps. prescutum ;
R1. first radial longitudinal vein; R 2+3 fused 2nd and 3rd rad. longit.
vein; R 4+5 fused 4th and 5th; 7.m. radial median crossvein (discal
nervure, anterior transverse vein); S 2 spiracle of second instar; 8 3.
spiracle of third instar; sc. scutum; sci. scutellum; sp. spermatheca ;
sp.p. spiniferous pads; s.s. spiracular slits; tr. trachea; wt. uterus.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 187

The squame is pale grey posteriorly shading to
yellowish-grey anteriorly. The halteres are pale yellow
and are covered by the squame.

Legs. The legs are very dark brown, practically black,
with pale foot cushions.

Abdomen. The general colour viewed dorsally from
behind is light yellowish-brown. When viewed micro-
scopically the margins are seen to be silvery with prominent
brown golden blotches laterally separating the silvery
margins. The anterior part and mid-dorsal portion of
the first segment are dark brown, the remainder of segment
a paler brown. Succeeding segments are dark brown along
the mid line but the colouration is not so pronounced in
the last segment. The under surface of the abdomen is
yellow with dark brown markings at the posterior end
in the vicinity of the genital aperture.

Female.

The female differs from the male in the following
particulars :—The eyes are separated by a space equal
to about a-third of the width of the head, this inter-ocular
region being occupied by the wide pale golden frontal
margins and the wide dark brown frontal stripe. The
black bands on the thorax are rather narrower than those
of the male and consequently the general colouration is

lighter.

The first abdominal segment dorsally is practically
black, while there is a median dark, more or less
continuous, band on the remaining segments with dark
brown blotches lying laterally. The general effect is shewn
in fig. 1. Ventrally the colouration resembles that of the
male.

Breeding habits. The species is a larviparous one,
one larva being deposited at each birth. The flies frequent
isolated patches of fresh cow-dung for larviposition. They
will also deposit larvae on horse-dung, but less frequently
as the latter substance is usually drier, coarser and more
friable, therefore forming a less suitable nidus for the
developing larvae. The flies show considerable discrimina-
tion in the choice of a suitable patch of cow-dung, selecting
that which is of thinner consistency in preference to that _

188 MmMuUSCA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

which, though fresh, is naturally drier and harder. Thus:
scores of flies will visit the former for larviposition in
comparison with one or two visiting the latter. This
instinct is of great value to a fly which has to contend
with excessive heat and aridity.

We have found M. australis breeding naturally only
in cow and horse dung. Under experimental conditions,
flies deposited larvae on wallaby dung and larvae reared.
at first in cow manure, when transferred to wallaby faeces,
bred out. We do not think that the pellets of wallaby
dung under ordinary conditions serve as a suitable nidus,
but when they become broken up and moistened with
water, then, as we have observed, larvae can be reared to-
maturity from such material.

We have bred out specimens from bird excrement
collected on the wet sand along the edge of the Burnett
River, early larvae having first been transferred to a mass.
of such material from cow manure. Fowlyard manure
does not seem to offer a suitable nidus for M. australis,
though M. domestica as well as blowflies visit it for ovi-
or larviposition.

As cattle and horses have been introduced into
Australia, some other material than their manure must
previously have served as the natural breeding place of
M. australis as well as M. vetustissima. Probably it breeds.
in decomposing vegetation, as the latter under the name
of M. corvina has been reported to do.

Genital system. The genitalia of the female differ
from those of M. domestica and resemble those of M. bezz1
described and figured by Patton and Cragg (1913, p. 140,
and pl. xxx, fig. 2). Each ovary consists of a single
ovariole ; the ovarioles functioning alternately in passing
an ovum into the uterus or terminal portion of the common
oviduct which is greatly enlarged in this species. The re-
lationship of the various parts will be best understood by
reference to fig. 12. The two conglobate glands or
accessory copulatory vesicles are comparatively large while
the accessory glands are relatively much shorter than those
of M. domestica (Hewitt., p. 49, figs. 20, 21), being of about
the same length as the three spermathecae. The latter

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 189

have the same general arrangement and structure as in
M. domestica. Attached to the common oviduct above
the point of entry of the various accessory glands there
is a strong band of muscle which probably assists in
‘supporting the more posteriorly situated parts of the system.

The wall of the uterus is composed -of large cells with
prominent nuclei, the cell cytoplasm not staining readily
with Delafield’s haematoxylin. If the uterus be crushed
a fat-like emulsion is obtained, this probably being
material for the nourishment of the developing embryo.
The ovipositor is markedly abbreviated.

Larva. The first larval instar is passed through within
the uterus of the parent and measures about 1.5 mm. in length.

190) wuscA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

Its posterior spiracles are in form of two small dark-brown
projections each with an opening at its summit. There are
no anterior spiracles. The second instar is marked by the
appearance of the anterior spiracles each of which contains
11 to 14 processes (fig. 16). The posterior spiracles are
much larger, a black chitinous D-shaped structure

appearing round the original knob, and containing two
sinuous slits (fig. 20). At this stage the larva is deposited
by the female, but is still enclosed in its thin, delicate

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 191

LR aw
S
lian

192 muscAa AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER,

eggshell.* A few active movements of the larva, however,
suffice to split the shell longitudinally, and the escaping
larva burrows rapidly into the dung.

In hot weather the larvae grow very rapidly and have
usually finished feeding by the end of the second day and
have pupated by the third day after deposition. Fully
formed pupae have been found occasionally on the second
day after deposition. In winter the larval stage is
prolonged to about six days. During the beginning of
October, when the larval stage was occupying four days.,
the following periods were noticed and measurements of
the larvae made. The larvae were fixed in nearly boiling
water and preserved in formalin.

The larva at birth measures 3.5 mm. long by 1 mm.
and is in the second instar. During the first 24 hours
it grows enormously and at the end of that period measures
7.5 to 9 mm. by 1.5 to 2 mm., by which time it is usually
moulting. The anterior spiracles increase in size and
each contains 13-17 processes ; the posterior spiracles also
increase greatly in size and issue in three much convoluted
slits (fig. 18). The chitin is thicker and blacker. These
large black spiracles are rather characteristic of the larva.
On the second day it measures 11 mm. by 2.5 mm. attaining
on the third day its maximum size, now measuring 11.5-
13 mm. in length by 2.5 to 3 mm. in breadth ; on the
fourth day the larva is mature, ceases feeding and shrinks
somewhat in size, measuring 10-11 by 2.5 mm.; the
alimentary tract becomes emptied of food and the larva
assumes a pale yellow colour with a deeper yellow patch
on the anterior dorsal surface. At this stage the larva
burrows up to the surface of the dung, then retreats a
short distance—about half an inch—in its burrow and
pupates, with the hed end pointing outward. Under
laboratory conditions the larvae will leave the dung and
pupate in damp sand.

The puparium measures 7 to 7.5 mm. by 2.5 to 3 mm.,
and is at first yellowish grey in colour becoming dark grey

*In one case an egg was laid in captivity. This, however, is quite
exceptional.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 193

as the development of the fly proceeds. When the imago
emerges, it crawls out of the burrow, pushing any loose
debris aside by inflating and deflating its ptilinal sac.
In summer at Eidsvold, Burnett River, Queensland, the
pupation period is from 9-15 days ; in winter 27-32 days
These periods were observed under laboratory conditions
without artificial heating and are probably longer than
would obtain under natural conditions owing to the higher
day temperatures outside.

Of a given batch of larvae deposited by flies on the
same day, females will, as a rule, be the first to emerge,
then follows a period in which both males and females
appear, and then a period in which only males emerge.
‘There is usually a slight preponderance of males among
bred flies, thus for over 300 flies bred out, the percentages
were, males 57 % and females 43 %. When flies are
-captured on stock the males are decidedly in the minority,
since out of over 500 captured flies, only 7 %, were males.
Froggatt’s (1916, p. 10) observations regarding blowtlies
in New South Wales were somewhat similar, he having
found that among captured flies only about 3 % were
males.

Often large numbers of flies may be bred from a single
isolated: dropping of cowdung; thus one such deposit
yielded 120 flies (70 males and 50 females). It must be
remembered that a female fly deposits only one larva at
a time, hence at least 120 females must have visited the
mass for larviposition. Flies which have been bred and
kept in captivity have never been observed to copulate
or deposit larvae though both sexes were present. Perhaps
copulation does not occur under such circumstances, as
sperms have not been found in the spermathecae of such
flies. In one insect which was kept in captivity for two
months two equally developed ova were found in each
ovary but there was no larva in the uterus. Attempts to
discover the period between emergence and larviposition,
and also between successive larvipositions have not been
successful. Captured female flies will readily deposit one
larva, but have not been observed to do so a second time.

Particular notice of the number of follicles was not

‘taken but in the specimen drawn (fig, 12) there was a larva
<0

194 wusca AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

in the uterus, a developing egg and four follicles on each
side. Thus the total was eleven, the twelfth must have
been already born. We may then assume that the pean
number of larvipositions is at least twelve.

Patton and Cragg (1913, p. 130-139) discuss the
pupiparous habit among flies. There are three distinct.
degrees of this habit. Im many Tachinids which are not
blood-suckers the larvae are delivered almost as soon as they
hatch out of the egg. They undergo little or no develop-
ment in the uterus and are laid in a large batch exactly as
eggs are laid. The next degree is instanced by two cases
M. corvina Fab. var. vivipara Portschinski and M. bezzi+
Patton and Cragg which are both blood feeders. Here the
larva is retained and nourished for part of its life in the
genital tract of the female but is deposited while still
young and completes its growth under conditions similar
to those of its allies. We may now add WM. australis to
the category. In the third degree the larva is retained
until it is ready to pupate, e.g., Glossina and Hippobosca.

The authors then go on to discuss the reasons for the
acceleration of the larval stages. In the Tachinids it is due
to the fact that the food is usually the living larvae of
other insects. The larval stage of the parasite must be
complete before, or soon after, the host pupates lest the
food supply be exhausted. In the other two cases there
is no such obvious explanation, and it is probable that two
factors enter into it. Firstly, the advantage of having
the young larva protected within the body of the parent ;
and, secondly, the rich food supply obtained by blood.
sucking insects appear to have some relation to the
pupiparous habit. The number of pupiparous forms is.
high in comparison with the number of blood-sucking
forms. The authors state that ‘“‘ the subject is a very
obscure one, but the association of the blood-sucking habit.
with the pupiparous habit is clear enough, and one should
always be on the look out for larviparous forms among.
those known to suck blood, whether they are biting flies.
or not.” WM. australis is not dependent on blood for a
living, but lives on any secretion; it will, however,
greedily suck tke blood and juices from a sore or wound.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 195

We would like to point out that in the case of blowflies
the larviparous habit is not necessarily associated with

blood-sucking. Besides, mosquitoes and Tabanids, which
are blood-suckers, do not practise larviposition.

Musca vetTustissima Walker.
(Text-figures)*2,.9,°8, 12, 13; 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26.)
As far as we are aware the male has not been
described. The following is Walker’s original description
(1849, p. 902) of the female. It has also been quoted by
Cleland (1913, p. 18-19).

* Musca vetustissima n.s. fem.—Cana, capite albo
micante, thoraci vittis duabus latis nigris, abdomine cano-
cinereo, palpis nigris, antennis piceis basi nigris, pedibus
piceis, alis limpidis basi albis. Body hoary, clothed with
black hairs and bristles ; head adorned with white lustre; a
black stripe between the eyelets and the feelers ; epistoma
not prominent ; sides of the face feathered with bristles at
the base ; eyes red ; fore part flat, its facets a little larger
than those elsewhere ; sucker pitchy, clothed with tawny
hairs ; palpi black, beset with black bristles ; feelers black,
a little shorter than the face; third joint pitchy, linear,
rounded at the top, about thrice the length of the second
joint ; chest adorned with two broad black stripes ; abdomen
obconical, grey, with hoary reflections, a little broader,
but not longer than the chest ; legs pitchy, clothed with
black hairs and_ bristles; foot-cushions tawny; wings
colourless white at the base; wing-ribs and vein pale
tawny ; veins darker towards the tips; tip cross-vein
forming an obtuse angle with the fourth longitudinal vein,
very slightly inclined inwards along the whole length, joining
the border a little above the tip of the wing ; lower cross-
vein nearly straight ; squame white; poisers pale yellow.
Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings 4 lines. New
EV ollie ere caceryy: |

M. vetustissima is a fly with a dark body and very
lightly coloured abdomen in the case of the male, but
with a dusky abdomen in the female. The length of a
normal male or female is about 6 mm. though one may
frequently meet with very small specimens ranging in

196 wWUSCA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

length from 3.5 mm. upwards. The length given by Walker
in his original account suggests that he was dealing with
under-sized material.

In the case of the female the wings, when at rest,
overlap to a greater extent than they do in M. australis,
whereas the position is alike in the males of both species.

Male.

Head. The eyes are very close, particularly in one
region where they are separated only by the frontal stripe,
the later being dark grey. Face and frontal region silvery
but the latter does not extend dorsally beyond the point
where the eyes approximate most closely ; it is therefore
practically unrepresented in the region of the ocellar tubercle.
Antenne brown with silvery tints. Arista (fig. 11) plu-
mose somewhat as in M. domestica. Palps black.

Thorax. The thorax is dark and shiny when lighted
from the front. When the light falls on it posteriorly broad
black bands can be seen. There are really four of these
but the two of each side become more or less fused so that
it is only in the prescutum that the four are usually recogni-
sable. In the scutum there is a very broad band on each
side especially anteriorly, while in the posterior part of
scutum only the lateral band of either side is represented,
These bands are joined together in the extreme anterior
end of the prescutum. The central silver-grey band is
variable in form. its sides being at times subparallel, while
at other times they converge anteriorly so that the stripe
resembles an elongate triangle. One then usually recognises
the central silver-grey band, a lateral silver-grey band on
either side and vestiges of silver-grey bands in the anterior
part of the prescutum—one on either side. The scutellum
has a darker patch in its anterior region and one at its
extremity as well as a lateral pair (fig. 5).

Wings (fig. 8). The wings are clear throughout.
Each is relatively shorter than M. domestica. The nervure
R 4+5 is-almost straight like that of W. australis. The
first posterior cell is relatively shorter and the distal bent
portion of nervure M 1-+2 is rather more bent than in
M. domestica, while the angle approaches much more nearly
to the hinder border of the wing. The median transverse

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 197

vein is almost straight. The discal nervure is distinctly
curved with the concavity facing towards the base of the
wing. The alula is rather more rhomboidal than that
of M. domestica. The squame is very pale or whitish.
Halteres are long and yellowish. The legs are black.

Abdomen. The first segment is black with coloura-
tion extending backwardly as in fig. 5, forming a fairly
broad median stripe with lateral extensions in the hinder
portion of each segment, these varying in different
individuals. The greater part of the dorsum of the
abdomen is of a pale golden hue which stands out in sharp
contrast with the black median band. The abdomen is.
densely setose. Ventrally it is yellowish with black coloura-
tion in the region of the genital aperture.

Female.

The general appearance of the female is markedly
different from that of the male, chiefly on account of the
tessellated appearance of the abdomen dorsally, while
ventrally it has a more or less uniform smoky-grey colour.
The thoracic region is distinctly greyer. The fly then
appears to have a rather lighter coloured thorax and a
darker abdomen than the male. The main points of differ-
ence are as follows: Eyes widely separated by a distance
approximating a-third of the width of the head; a broad
frontal stripe about half the width of the area between
the eyes : the frontal margins extending upwards on either
side of the frontal stripe downwards as a very distinct
silvery band on either side of the antenne.

Thorax. The thoracic markings are arranged much
the same as in the male, similar variations also being met
with (fig. 2).

Abdomen. The markings on the dorsal surface of
the abdomen are characteristic—their arrangement being
indicated in fig 2. The first segment is black On
succeeding segments there is a median dorsal stripe resemb-
ling that of the male, but there is laterally on each segment
a dark band extending somewhat obliquely from the anterior
to the posterior margin of each segment. The pigment
patch on the first segment commonly invades the anterior
portion of the succeeding segment.

198 Musca AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

General Habits. Like M. australis this species lives
in association with cattle and horses. It is, however, a
more troublesome fly to man, attaching itself to his person
and making persistent attempts to reach the eyes. Dr.
Cleland (1913, p. 565) has described the habits of this fly,
which is essentially an outdoor species and is very rarely
found within the house. It has been found in abundance
feeding on the blood and pus from sores on the heads of
sheep. If one ventures outside in the warm weather this
species soon attaches itself to one’s person and that part
of one’s clothing (especially if black) which is sheltered
from the wind may be covered with a dense mass of these
insects. They render themselves especially annoying by
hovering around and finding their way into one’s eyes,
nose and mouth. The abundance of the fly makes it likely
that if epidemic conjunctivitis and trachoma are trans-
mitted by flies this is the species likely to be incriminated.
Cleland (1913, pp. 560-2) has referred to the intense
annoyance experienced by early Australian navigators
and explorers as a result of attacks by myriads of flies which
he believed to have been M. vetustissima. He has shown
that it can feed on dried anthrax blood and that the bacilli
pass unharmed through its alimentary canal (p. 565).
Owing to its habits, the species could no doubt set up
anthrax infection.

Mr. G. F. Hill, F.E.S., of the Australian Institute of
Tropical Medicine, Townsville, wrote to us stating that this
species is responsible for the serious condition of horses’
eyes in the gulf country of the Northern Territory.

Specimens have been collected in numerous localities
in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Central Australia,
South Australia, and Victoria by Mr. G. F. Hill. It occurs
commonly in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and
Tasmania. We have captured it on board ships travelling
between Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. In the last
named city, the species occurs in immense numbers in the
streets, making itself a nuisance to human beings and
horses.

Breeding habits. It is an oviparous species—the
female laying her eggs in fresh cow or horse dung, usually ~
the former, only a limited number, 20 to 40, being deposited

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 199

at one time. The eggs are large in comparison with the
size of the fly, measuring 1.5 mm. by 0.4mm. The female
organs resemble those of WM. domestica but the maximum
number of ovarioles observed in each ovary was 20 (fig. 30).
The accessory glands are very long. The oviduct is a
more muscular structure than chat of M. australis. There
is a long ovipositor.

The eggs are laid in a mass and placed below the surface
of the dung. The egg shell is a thin, delicate structure
covered with minute hexagonal markings. In warm weather
the eggs hatch in less than 24 hours after deposition. The
larva emerges as a first instar measuring 2 mm. by
4mm. It grows rapidly and in a few hours moults. The
second larval instar is marked by the appearance of the
anterior spiracles each containing 6 to 8 processes. The
posterior spiracles are now in the form of two almost straight
slits (fig. 19). In 24 hours the larva measures 5.5 mm.
by 1mm. It now moults for the second time, the anterior
spiracles enlarge (fig. 15), likewise the posterior pair, which
are now in the form of three sinuous slits surrounded by a
black chitinous rim (fig. 17). During the next day the
larva increases greatly in size, measuring 10 mm. by 1.5
mm. No further appreciable growth takes place and by
the fifth day the larva is mature and has entered upon
the resting stage. The alimentary canal becomes emptied
of food. The larva is now of a pale yellow tint and has
become somewhat shorter and stouter, measuring 8.5 mm.
by 2 mm. The puparium is yellowish brown to brown
and measures 5 to 5.5 mm. by 2 mm. The pupal period
occupies about 6 days in the summer and 10 to 14 days
in the winter. The larvae pupate in the dung, but under
laboratory conditions, at least, will leave it to do so.

RELATIONSHIPS OF M. australis aNnD M. vetustissima.

It appears that M. australis Macq., M. bezzii Patton
and Cragg, and M. corvina Fabr., var. vivipara Portschinski
are closely related flies. M. bezzii, a very common fly
in certain parts of India, described and figured by Patton
and Cragg (p. 352 and pl. xlv, fig. 2), is apparently very
like M. australis in size and colouration. It is also a larvi-
parous species depositing one larva at a time on cow dung.

200 MUSCA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

The mature larva is greyish-white with a lemon-yellow
dorsum, while the puparium is of a dirty grey colour with
a yellowish tinge. The female genitalia, however, are
slightly different from those of M. australis, there being
only one pair of accessory glands which are stated to be
larger than those found in oviparous forms. M. corvina
var. vivipara closely resembles M. bezzii but its puparium.
is dark brown. It is common in Europe and parts of
Northern Africa.

M. corvina Fabr. var. ovipara Portschinski, on the other
hand, is evidently close to M. vetustissima Walk. The
size and markings are similar. According to Portschinski
the former lays 24 eggs on cow dung, each egg being 1.5 mm.
long and possessing a delicate dark spine 2/3 of its length.
The puparium is white. It seems likely, as Patton and
Cragg remark, that Portschinski confused two closely
allied muscids, one larviparous and the other oviparous.

There are a number of references to M. corvina Fabr.
in Australian literature. Froggatt in his work on Austra-—
lian Insects (1907), mentions this species and states that
it is the common bush fly swarming from the eastern coast
to the interior, also having a wide range over Europe,
North America, Ceylon and Malay Archipelago. Jt is a
darker tinted species than the house fly and s hows only
two parallel bands on the thorax. A figure of the fly is
given on Plate 29, fig. 5.

Froggatt (1915, pp. 27-28), again mentions M. corvina
as the common bush fly. He gives a short description
of both sexes and states that it was found breeding in
decaying vegetable matter, in the decaying mass in the
paunch of most of the dead animals (sheep) that were
examined, and also in horse dung from the Yarrawin horse
yards, New South Wales. On 27th February, 1914, 200
specimens were caught in the tent, examination shewing
that 198 were females, these containing eggs ranging in.
number from 22 to 35. Froggatt’s description would
apply equally well to M. vetustissima and there is little
doubt but that this is really the species under discussion.

Graham-Smith (1914, p. 22) describes M. corvina,
the size and markings being similar to those of M. vetus-

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 201

lissima, but the arista is slightly different, the terminal
fourth not being feathered. He states that it resembles
the house fly in general appearance, but the male has a
yellow abdomen, with very distinct black longitudinal
stripe, and the female a chequered abdomen.

Acknowledgments :—We desire to express our indeb-
tedness to Dr. E. W. Ferguson, Health Department, Sydney ;
Mr. Gerald Hill, F.E.S., Institute of Tropical Medicine ;
and Mr. W. A. Rainbow, Librarian of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, for their kindness in transcribing and forwarding
literature.

ADDENDUM.

‘We have been informed recently by Dr. E. W. Fergu-
son, who is a worker in Australian dipterology, that
Macquart’s specific name M. australis is preoccupied by
M. australis Boisduval (Voyage de |’ Astrolabe, 2, 1835,
p. 669) given to a quite different muscid. The name then
cannot stand. Macquart’s short account of the female
was based on specimens from the Solomon and Fiji Islands,
and that of the male on flies from Tasmania and Fiji.
His description is very short and might include
M. vetustissima also, except for the *‘ quadrivittate thorax.”’
The * black tessellated abdomen” is more characteristic
of the latter species than it is of M. australis. We should
not be surprised if more than one species be included in the
scanty account. We therefore propose to name _ that
species which occurs in Queensland as WM. fergusoni n.sp.
Should the fly from Fiji and the Solomons be shown on
re-examination to be specifically identical with the
Queensland forms, the name will still stand owing to Mac-
quart’s use of a preoccupied specific name, but if found
to be different then a new name must be given to the
Pacific species. Macquart’s Tasmanian forms are pro-
bably MW. vetustissima. We might mention that Mr. E.
Austen, of the British Museum, identified some of our
Hidsvold specimens as M. australis Macq.

Our creation of a new species rather than the renaming
of the old species seems to be the most satisfactory method
of dealing with the difficulty so that the synonymy in view
of our present knowledge might be indicated thus, M.

202 mMuscA AUSTRALIS MACQ., M. VETUSTISSIMA WALKER.

fergusont Jnstn. and Bancr. Syn. M. australis Macq. 1842
non Boisduval 1835, in part; M. australis J. and B. (in
the preceding portions of this paper).

Types and typical specimens will be deposited-in the
Queens and Museum, Brisbane, and the Australian
Museum, Sydney.

TEXT-FIGURES 1-3,

Camera lucida outline drawings of female specimens to show disposi-
tion of pigment dorsally. Figures 1 to 6 have been drawn to same scale.

Fig. 1. Musca australis; fig. 2. M. vetustissima.

Fig. 3. M. domestica (Brisbane specimens).

TEXT-FIGURES 4-6.

Fig. 4. Musca australis (male); fig. 5. M. vetustissima (male)

Fig. 6. M. domestica (male)—Brisbane specimen.

TEXT-FIGURES 7-11.

Fig. 7. Right wing of M. australis (male).

Fig. 8. Right wing of M. vetustissima (female).
Fig. 9. Right wing of M. domestica (female).

Fig. 10. Arista and antenna of M. australis (male).

Fig. 11. Arista and antenna of M. vetustissima (male).

TEXT-FIGURES 12-14.
All figures drawn to same scale.

Fig. 12. Female genitalia of M. australis (embryo removed from
uterus).

Fig. 13. Female genitalia of M. vetustessima.

Fig. 14. Single ovariole of M. vetustissima containing nearly mature
ovum.

BY T. H. JOHNSTON AND M. J. BANCROFT. 203

TEXT-FIGURES 15-20.
Allfigures drawn to the same magnification.
Fig. 15. Anterior spiracle of mature larva of M. vetustissima.
Fig. 16. Anterior spiracle of mature larva of M. australis.
Fig. 17. Posterior spiracle of mature larva of M. vetustissima.
Fig. 18. Posterior spiracle of mature larva of M. australis.
Fig. 19. Posterior spiracle of second instar of MW. vetustisstma.

Fig. 20. Posterior spiracle of larva (second instar) from uterus of
M. australis.

TEXT-FIGURES 21-26.

Fig. 21. Posterior spiracles of larva of M. vetustissima moulting from
2nd to 3rd instar, showing the two sets of spiracles, the
larger developing below those of the second instar which
are about to be thrown off.

Fig. 22. Posterior spiracles of first larval instar of M. vetustissima.
Figs. 21 and 22 are drawn to the same scale.

Fig. 23. Posterior spiracle of 24 hours old larva of M. australis
showing new spiracles of third instar developing below
those of the second instar which are about to be cast off.

Fig. 24. Highly magnified view of two process of the anterior spiracle
of a mature larva of M. australis.

Fig. 25. Puparium of WM. australis.

Fig. 2

26. Puparium of M. vetustissima.

LITERATURE REFERRED TO.

CLELAND, J. B.—Insects and their relationship to disease in man in
Australia. Trans. Austr. Medical Congress (Sydney 1911), 9,
1913, pp 548-570 (see pp. 562-569).

Froceart, W. W.—Australian Insects (no date—1907), 450 pp.

Frocearr, W. W.—Sheep-Maggot Flies. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 95. Dept.
Agric. N.S.W., 1915 (52 pp.)

Froeearr, W. W., and Froceatrr, J. L.—Sheep-Maggot Flies, No. 2.
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 110. Dept. Agric. N.S.W., 1916, 30 pp.

GrawAM-SmitnH, G. S.—Flies in relation to disease. Non-blood-sucking
flies. Camb. Univ. Press, 1914.

Hewitt, C. G.—The House Fly. Camb. Univ. Press, 1914.

Macquart.—Dipteres Exotiques, Tome II, part 2, 1842.

Patron, W. S., and Craae, F. W.—A Text-book of Medical Entomology
1913.

Watker, F.—List of the specimens of Dipterous Insects in the collection
of the British Museum, part 4, 1849.

She

Bet = le zr

Raval Society of Queensland,

Abstract of Proceedings.

Report oF Councit For 1918.

To THE MEMBERS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND.

Your Council has pleasure in submitting its report
for the year. 1918.

The work of the year has been very satisfactory.
During the year seventeen papers were accepted and printed
in Volume XXX. of the Proceedings, which is the largest
within recent years.

We have to acknowledge our indebtedness to the
Queensland Government, who have again voted a sum of
£50 to aid the publication of research work. In addition,
our thanks are due to the University of Queensland for
its assistance in the publication of the paper by Dr. H. C.
Richards on “The Building Stones of Queensland,” and
also to the Trustees of the Walter and Eliza Hall Fund
for assistance in the publication of the paper on “ A Tick-
Resistant Condition in Cattle,’ by Dr. T. H. Johnston
and Miss M. J. Bancroft, B.Sc., Walter and Eliza Hall
Fellow in Economic Biology.

There have been ten meetings of the Council, the
attendances being as follows :—A. B. Walkom 10, E. H.
Gurney 6, H. A. Longman 7, W. R. Colledge 8, C. D. Gillies
10, T. H. Johnston 8, H. C. Richards 9, J. Shirley 7, F..
Smith 3, C. T. White 9.

The membership list consists of 87 ordinary and
associate members, and 10 corresponding members. During
the year seven members were admitted, two resigned

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, vi.

and one died (Mr. P. Weston). We have to express our

regret at the loss of Mr. Weston and extend our sympathy
to his relatives.

The financial statement for the year shows a credit
balance of £4 Os. 9d., but there is an outstanding printer’s
bill of £53/15/8 against which we have £40 in hand.

Signed, C. D. GILLIES, Signed, A. B. WALKOM,
Hon. Secretary. President.

28th February, 1919.

vi.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

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ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. Vill.

ABSTRACT OF PRocEEDINGS, 24TH Marcu, 1919.

The Annual General Meeting of the Royal Society of
Queensland was held on Monday, 24th March, 1919, at
8 p.m., in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Dr. A. B. Walkom, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the previous Annual General Meeting
were read and confirmed.

The Annual Report of the Council and the Annual
Financial Statement were adopted on the motion of Dr.
Shirley and Mr. Longman.

Dr. A. Sutton, C.B., C.M.G., and Mr. E. H. F. Swain,
Director of Forests, were proposed for membership.

The President, on behalf of the Society and Council,
congratulated Professors T. H. Johnston and H. C. Richards
on their promotion to the Chairs of Biology and Geology
respeetively, in the University of Queensland.

The following Officers were elected for 1919 :—

Patron: His Excellency Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams
G.C M.G., C.B., ete.

F'resident: H. A. Longman, F.L.S.

Vice- Presidents: A. B. Walkom, D.Sc. (ex officio),
F Suugh,. BSe.,. F.LC,

Hon. Secretary: C. D. Gillies, M.Sc.

Hon. Treasurer: J. Shirley, D.Sc.

Hon... Editor: H. A. Longman, F.L.S.

Hon. Librarian: 8. B. Watkins, M Se.

Members of Council: F. Butler-Wood, D.D.S. E
H. Guraey, Prof. T. H. Johnston, Prof. H. C
Richards, C. T. White.

Hon. Auditor: Prot. H. J. Priestley, M.A.

The newly elected President was installed and returned
thanks for his election. He moved: ‘‘ That this Society
p’aces on record its keen appreciation of the work accom-
plished in its interests, as Secretary, Editor and President,
by Dr. A. B. Walkom, and also congratulates him on his
appointment as Secretary to the Linnean Society of New
South Wales.” This motion was seconded by Dr. Shirley
and supported by Mr. Dunstan and Professors Richards
and Johnston. On being put to the meeting it was carried

1X. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

unanimously with acclamation. Dr. Walkom suitably
responded, and delivered his Presidential Address on
‘* Queensland Fossil Floras.” At the conclusion of the
address a vote of thanks was moved by Dr. Shirley and
Prof. Richards, and carried unanimously.

The following paper by Dr. Shirley was taken as read :
‘A Preliminary List of the Plants of the National Park.”

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 28TH APRIL, 1919.
The ordinary monthly meeting of the Royal Society
of Queensland was held on Monday, 28th April, at 8 p.m.,
in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the previous ordinary meeting were
read and confirmed.

Dr. A. Sutton, C.B., C.M.G., was re-elected, and Mr.
E. H. F. Swain was elected to ordinary membership of
the Society.

Mr. R. A. Wearne, B.A., was proposed for member-
ship by Dr. Shirley and Prof. Richards.

Dr. Shirley exhibited a shell of the Cephalopod, Sepia
hercules Pilsbry, from Southport, which had been donated
to the Queensland Museum by the Hon. J. G. Appel.

Messrs. F. Smith, B.Se., F.I.C., and C..T. White ex-
hibited specimens of Lomatia silaifolia R. Br. var. induta
F. v. M., from the following localities :—Parish of Deongwar,
Warwick District (W. E. Moore) ; Candle Mountain (C. T.
White) ; Buderim Mountain (C. T. White). These extend
our knowledge of the plant’s range. In the Proceedings
of this Society, Vol. XXX., p. 88, the exhibitors have
recorded the flowers of L. silaifolia as cyanophoric and now
record that tests made for hydrocyanic acid with the flowers
of the variety induta gave strong positive re-actions,
though foliage leaves yielded negative results.

Miss B. B. Taylor read a paper: ‘‘ Notes on Australian
Chaetognatha,”’ written by Prof. T. H. Johnston and
herself.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. X.

The main business of the evening was a discussion
on the paper: ‘“‘A Tick-resistant Condition in Cattle,”
by Prof. T. H. Johnston and Miss M. J. Bancroft. Those
who took part were Prof. Johnston, Messrs. C. J. Pound,
F.R.M.S., and Munro- Hull.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 26TH May, 1919.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society
of Queensland was held on Monday, 26th May, at 8 p.m.,
in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
confirmed.

Mr. R. A. Wearne, B.A., was elected to ordinary
membership of the Society.

Mr. F. L. Berney was proposed for membership by
Dr. J. Shirley and Mr. E. H. Gurney.

Dr. Shirley exhibited specimens of the following rare
marine shells of Queensland :

Columbarium spinicinctum Mart., Conus coccineus
Gmel., “Conus cuviert Crosse, Conus tenwistriatus Sby.,
Drillia livida Gmel., Mitra peasei Dohrn, Natica
columnaris Reclus.

Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited a portion of a Cetacean
cranium, allied to Delphinus delphis but too fragmentary
to be specifically determined, which had been found at a
depth of fifteen feet during excavations at Luggage Point,
Moreton Bay.

Mr. C. D. Gillies read a paper by Mr. C. T. White and
himself “‘“On the Occurrence of Abortive Styles in
Buckinghamia celsissima F. v. M.’ Dr. Shirley, Messrs.
Longman and Gillies took part in the discussion which
followed.

xi. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 30TH JUNE, 1919.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society
of Queensland was held on Monday, 30th June, at 8 p.m.,
in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
confirmed.

Mr. F. L. Berney was elected to ordinary membership.
of the Society.

Dr. Shirley exhibited a specimen of Cucullea
concamera Brug., the dimensions of which were: length
117 mm., height 82 mm., thickness 75 mm. This fine
specimen was secured by the State trawler and donated
to the Queensland Museum.

Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited specimens of the
constricting snake Nardoa boa (Schlegel), which were
captured near Rabaul, New Britain, by Warrant-Officer
J. Wilson, and donated to the Queensland Museum.

Professor T. Harvey Johnston read a paper entitled.
“The Lingulide of the Queensland Coast,” by himself
end Mr. O. S. Hirschfeld, illustrating his remarks by a
series of specimens. Dr. Shirley and the President
contributed to the subsequent discussion.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 28TH JULY, 1919.

A Special Meeting of the Royal Society of Queensland
was held on Monday, 28th July, at 8 p.m., in the Geology
Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
confirmed.

Dr. J. Shirley moved :—** That the Society extend
the scope of the resolution passed on the 28th June, 1915,
and remits the annual subscription of members engaged
as war workers abroad for their period of engagement.”
This motion was seconded by Prof. H. C. Richards, and
carried unanimously.

The President introduced Dr. F. X. Williams and Mr.
Muir, of Hawaii, to-the Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. rail,

Prof. Richards exhibited (a) a number of stone axes
which had been submitted to him by the Queensland
Museum for petrological examination, and (6) a nodule of
phosphorite from Talgai.

Mr. C. D. Gillies exhibited (a) the base of the aorta
of an ox, opened to show the semilunar valves and the
apertures of the coronary arteries, and (b) the skeleton
of the pectoral fin of Ceratodus, illustrating the
archipterygial type of limb.

The following papers were read :—

(1) ** Alteration of Generic Name,” by Mr. J. Douglas
Ogilby, in which Hurycaulus Ogilby, a genus of belonoid
fishes, was altered to Tropidocaulus Ogilby. (Communicated
by the President).

(2) *‘ Mollusca Common to 8. Africa and Australia,”
by Dr. J. Shirley. This paper was written to combat the
notion that a shell found in South Africa must necessarily
be absent from Australia. The list gives 350 species
common to the two regions. Opportunity was taken to
do justice to the memory of Mr. Hugh Cumming, the great
collector of Pacific Island shells. |

(3) “ Ziphius cavirostris on the Queensland Coast,”
by Mr. H. A. Longman. The evolution of Cetaceans from
four-footed land animals and their remarkable adaptation
to marine life was briefly outlined and illustrated by the
architecture of the skull and other bones.

Contributions to the subsequent discussions were made
by Prof. Richards, Messrs. White, Muir and Gillies.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 25TH AuGusT, 1919.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society
of Queensland was held on Monday, 25th August, at 8 p.m.,
in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

Apologies were received from Dr. Butler-Wood, Mr.
Watkins, and Dr. Shirley.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
confirmed.

xiii. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Dr. A. R. Walker was proposed for ordinary member-
ship by Mr. Gurney, seconded by Mr. Smith.

Prof. Richards exhibited (a) specimens from the lead-
silver lode at Indooroopilly, which had been presented to
the Queensland Museum; and (b) a specimen of white
marble from Eulam, near Rockhampton. ‘The stone is
coarse grained, of good colour, and should be of considerable
mural value.

The President exhibited a specimen of the lizard
Diplodactylus hilliit, Longman, from Mungana, Chillagoe
Line, North Queensland. Previously this species had only
been known from a single specimen collected at Port Darwin.

Professor R. W. H. Hawken, B.A., M.E., M- Inst. C.E.,
read a paper on “‘ The Strut Problem.”

The author examined :—

(1) The original mathematica] deduction for central
loading by Euler.

(2) The modified mathematical result for eccentric
loading by Prof. R. H. Smith.

(3) The problem as it appears in Engineering Design,
where the strength of the material is an important
factor.

(4) The exact result deduced by R. W. Burgess.

The ‘resilient’ effect er ‘Euler Value’ the author
assumes as a maximum unit load, and that any other load
may be considered a fraction of the unit load, in this way
the mistakes and inconsistencies of the many proposed
formulae may be shewn; and curves have been drawn
which enable stress conditions to be examined for all
loads.

The author examines, and reconciles, the apparently
inconsistencies of the results of (1) and (2), and shews also
that the result (4) which, deduced from an exact equation,
at first sight appears to shew (1) and (2) inaccurate, has
a definite explanation which proves his previous deductions
to have been justified.

The President, Prof. Richards, and Mr. Wilson
contributed to the subsequent discussion.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. XIV.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 29TH SEPTEMBER, 1919.

The Ordinary Monthly Meeting of the Royal Society of
Queensland was held on Monday, 29th September, 1919,
at 8 p.m., in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

Apologies were received from His Excellency the
Governor, Dr. Butler-Wood and Mr. Watkins.

The minutes of the previous meeting were reed and
confirmed.

Dr. A. R. Walker was elected to Ordinary Membership:
of the Society.

The business of the evening was devoted to a Lecture
by Captain 8. A. White, C.M.B.0.U., of Adelaide, on his
experiences in Central Australia. The lecture was well
Ulustrated with lantern slides and was highly appreciated
by a very large audience.

Professor Johnston moved a vote of thanks, which
was seconded by Dr. Shirley, supported by the President,
and earried by acclamation.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 29TH OcToBER, 1919.

The Ordinary Meeting of the Royal Society of
Queensland was held on Wednesday, 29th October, 1919,
at 8 p.m., in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

An apology for absence was received from Prof
Johnston.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
confirmed.

Dr. Shirley exhibited specimens of two plants :—

(1) Bosistoa euodiformis Benth., a plant of the Orange
family, a native of N.S.W., and common on_ Roberts’
Plateau, National Park—an addition to our native flora ;
(2) Calcycothrix longiflora F.v.M., of the Myrtle family,
a beautiful heath-like shrub with pink flowers, a native
of Central Queensland. This specimen was sent down
by Mr. Blunt, of Charleville.

xV. ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

In the discussion which followed, Mr. C. T. White
stated that in the same locality he had gathered specimens
(in leaf only) of Bosistoa euodiformis in December, 1918,

and had lately received good flowering specimens from
Asst.-Forester W. E. Moore.

Mr. C. T. White exhibited a collection of plants from
the desert country at Yelarbon, between Inglewood and
Goondiwindi. Among the more interesting species were a
Westringia (probably new) which grows in the centre of
the Spinifex bushes ( Triodia pungens), Casuarina Luehmannt
(Desert Oak), Hucalyptus odorata Behr. and Schlecht.,
var. Woolsiana Maid. (Ribbon Box); the determination
of this last had been verified by Mr. J. H. Maiden.

Prof. T. H. Johnston sent for exhibition living specimens
of Strongyloides intestinalis, hatched out from a heavily-
infected sample of human faeces sent from Charters Towers
over a month previously by Mr. O. W. Tiegs. Infective
larvae, as well as rhabditiform males and females, were
present in abundance.

Mr. H. A. Longman exhibited a series of photographs
(by Mr. P. Bennett), and specimens illustrating variation
in the number and position of the fangs in ven,mous
snakes.

Dr. A. Jefferis Turner read a paper on “* The
Australian Gelechianae.”’

Those who contributed to the subsequent discussion
included Dr. Shirley, Messrs. White and Gillies.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS, 26TH NOVEMBER, 1919.

The Ordinary Monthly meeting of the Royal Society
of Queensland was held on Wednesday, 26th November,
1919, at 8 p.m., in the Geology Lecture Theatre, University.

Mr. H. A. Longman, President, in the Chair.

An apology for absence was received from Prof. H. C.
Richards.

It was moved by Dr. Shirley, seconded by Mr. C. T.
White, that a message of condolence be sent to Prof.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. xvi.

Skertchly on the loss of his wife, Mrs. Skertchly. The
motion was supported by the President and carried in
silence, the members’expressing their sympathy by rising.

The President announced that the following papers
had been accepted by the Council for publication :—
(a) ‘‘ Tick Resistance in Cattle :—A reply to criticism,”
by Prof. T. H. Johnston and Miss M. J. Bancroft.
(b) ‘‘ Life histories of the bush flies Musca australis
and M. vetustissima,’ by Prof. T. H. Johnston
and Miss M. J. Bancroft.

Dr. Shirley exhibited the molluscs Onchidiwm
verruculatum Semper from Cairns, and Onchidina australis
Semper from Bribie Island.

Mr. C. T. White exhibited a collection of plants from
the Bunya Mountains, gathered during the visit of the
Royal Australian Ornithologists’ Union to the locality.

The President exhibited a live specimen of Gymno-
dactylus miliusii, a gecko from Wallumbilla, W.Q. ; and a
specimen of Juncella gemmacea, a whip-like Alcyonarian,
collected by Captain Hoult of the State trawler.

Prof. T. H. Johnston exhibited (1) specimens of a large
Phoronis, probably P. australis, from between tide-marks
on various banks in Moreton Bay; e.g., Coochie Mudlo
(coll. T. H. Johnston, 1916), Southport (coll. C. D. Gillies
and B. B. Taylor, 1919), Bribie (coll. Field Naturalists’
Club, 1919) ; it occurs in societies associated with the tube
of a large species of Cerianthus ; (2) specimens of Phoronis
australis Hasw. from Port Jackson ; (3) specimens of the
remarkable Echiuroid Pseudobonellia biuterena Johnston
and Tiegs, found in the lagoons at Masthead and North
West Islets of the Capricorn Reefs. He also exhibited on
behalf of Miss Bancroft and himself (4) a complete series
of stages in the life history of the two common bush flies,
Musca vetustissima Walker and M. fergusoni J. and Bancr.
(more commonly known as JM. australis Macquart).

Those who contributed to the subsequent discussions
included the President, Prof. Johnston, Dr. Shirley, Messrs.
White, Smith, Bennett and Gillies.

XVil. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Publications were received from the follow—
ing Institutions and Societies during

1919.
AFRICA.
Government of the Gold Coast.
Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, Natal.
South African Association for Advancement of Science.

AMERICA.
BRAZIL.
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio Janeiro.
Museu Paulista Suo Paulo.
Minesterio da Agricultura Industria and Commercio, Rio Janeiro—
Servio Geologio e Mineralogico de Brazil, Rio Janeiro.

CANADA.

Dept. of Mines, Ottawa.

Institute of Natural Science, Nova Scotia.
Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Toronto.
Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto.

Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa.

UNITED STATES.

Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia.

American Geographical Society, New York.

American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

Californian Academy of Science, San Francisco.

Bureau of Standards Dept. of Commerce, Washington.

Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida.

Illinois State Laboratory, Urbana Illinois.

Indiana Academy of Science, Indianopolis, Indiana.

Kansas Academy of Science, Topeka, Kansas.

Librarian of Congress, Washington.

Librarian University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Missouri Botanic Gardens, St. Louis, Missouri.

National Academy of Science and Smithsonian Institute, Washington --
Librarian Ohio State University, Columbus.

University of California, Berkeley.

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Wilson Ornithological Club, Oberlin College Library, Oberlin, Ohio

OCEANIA.
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii Islands.
Mexico.

Instituto Geologico de Mexico, Mexico.
Sociedad Cientifica.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ASIA.
INDIA.

Director Agricultural Institute, Pusa, Bengal.
Board of Scientific Advice for India, Calcutta.
Director Geological Survey of India, Calcutta.
Superintendent of Govt. Printing, Calcutta.
JAVA.
Department van Landbrouw.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Librarian Bureau of Science, Manilla.

AUSTRALASIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

New ZEALAND.

Auckland Institute, Auckland.

Dominion Laboratory, Wellington.

Geological Survey of New Zealand, Wellington.
New Zealand Institute, Wellington.

New Zealand Boaid of Science and Art.

QUEENSLAND.

Department of Mines, Brisbane.
Geological Survey of Queensland.
Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

New South WALES.
Australian Museum, Sydney.
Director of Botanic Gardens, Sydney.
Department of Agriculture, Sydney.
Geological Survey of N.S.W., Sydney.
Linnean Society of N.S.W., Sydney.
Naturalists’ Society of N.S.W., Sydney.
Royal Society of N.S.W., Sydney.
University of Sydney.
SoutH AUSTRALIA.
Geological Survey of South Australia, Adelaide.
Public Library of S. Australia, Adelaide.
Royal Geographical Society, Adelaide.
Royal Society of S. Australia, Adelaide.
TASMANIA. :
Geological Survey of Tasmania, Hobart.
National Park Board.
Royal Society of Tasmania.
University of Tasmania.

“VICTORIA.

Advisory Council Science and Industry, Melbourne.

xviii.

Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, Swanston St., Melbourne.

Commonwealth Statistician, Melbourne.
Department of Agriculture of Victoria, Melbourne.

Department of Fisheries, Commonwealth, Melbourne.

Department of Mines.

xix PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, Melbourne.
Royal Australasian Ornithologists’ Union, Melbourne.
Royal Society of Victoria, Melbourne.

Scientific Australian, Melbourne.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Geological Survey of W. Australia, Perth.
Royal Society of W. Australia, Perth.

EUROPE.
BELGIUM.

Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique.

ENGLAND.
Cambridge Philosophical Society, Cambridge.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Conchological Society, Blackpool.
Imperial Institute, 8S. Kensington, London.
Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London.
Royal Colonial Institute, London.
Royal Society of London.

FRANCE.
Le Prince Bonaparte, Paris.

ITALY.
Rassenga Monsile di Botanica, Catania.
Societa Africana d'Italia, Naples.
Societa Toscana de Scienze Naturale, Pisa.
PORTUGAL.
Academia Polytechnica, Porto.
SCOTLAND.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
Royal Society of Edinburgh.
SPAIN.
Academia Real de Ciencias, Madrid.
Academia Real dell Ciencias y Artes, Barcelona.
SWEDEN.
Geological Institute, University of Upsala.
SWITZERLAND.
Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Ziirich.
Société de Physique et d’ Histoire, Geneva.

LIST OF MEMBERS XxX.

List of Members.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

t Danes, Dr. J. V.

David, Professor T. W. E.,
E.R.S.

~ Domin, Dr. K.
{ Hedley, C., F.L.S.

Czech University, Bohemia.
The University, Sydney, N.S.W.

Czech University, Prague, Bohemia.
Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W.

Liversidge, Prof. A., F.R.S. Fieldhead, Coombe Warren, Kingston Hill,

Surrey, England.

{ Maiden, J. H., F.L.S., F.R.S. Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N.S.W.

{ Maitland, A. Gibb., F.G.S.

Geological Survey Office, Perth, W.A.

Pollock, Prof. J. A., F.R.S. The University, Sydney, N.S.W.

Rennie, Professor E. H.
t Skeats, Professor E. W.

The University, Adelaide, S.A.
The University, Melbourne, Vic.

ORDINARY Members, Etc.

Archer, R.S.
Badger, J. 8.
Bage, Miss F., M.Sc.

Bagster, L. S., B.Se.
ttBailey, J. F.
t Ball, L. C., B.E.
tt Bancroft, T. L., M.B.

+ Bancroft, Miss M. J., B.Sc.

Barton, E. C., A.M.I.C.E.
Berney, F. L., :

+ Bennett, F., B.Sc.
Bick, E. W.

Bradley, H. Burton, M. B.,
Ch.M. .

Brotherton, Mee a M.Sc.
+ Brunnich, J. C., F.1.C.

{ Bryan, W. H., M.Sc.
Brydon, Mrs. -
Bundock, C. W., B.A.
Butler-Wood, F., D.D.S.

Butler-Wood, Miss I. V.,
B.D.S. 3

+ Byram, W. J.
Cameron, W. E., B.A.

Gracemere, Rockhampton.
C/o Brisbane Tramways Co., Ltd., B’bane.

The Women’s College, Kangaroo Point,
Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, S.A
Geological Survey Office, George St., B’bane
Eidsvold, Queensland.

The University, Brisbane.

Boundary Street, Valley, Brisbane.
Barcarolle, via Longreach.

State School, Toowong Brisbane.

Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.

Health Department, Sydney.
Stephenson Street, Newmarket.

Agricultural Chemist’s Lab., William St.,
Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Department Public Instruction, Brisbane.
** Kooralbyn,”’ Beaudesert.

Central Chambers, Queen Street, Brisbane.

Central Chambers, Queen Street.
Adelaide Chambers, Adelaide St., B’bane.

Geological Survey Office, George St.,
Brisbane.

t Life Members.

{ Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

XX.

Chisholm, A. H.
t Colledge, W. R

{ Connah, F., F.I.C.
Cullen J. R.
{ Dodd, Alan P.

Drewitt, G. E.
Dunstan, B., F.G.S.

Eglinton, D., F.R.A.S.

{ Francis, W. D.,

+ Gailey, R
Gibson, Hon. A.

{ Gillies, C. D., M.Se.

* Graff, R., B.Sc.
Greene, Miss A.
Greenfield, A. P.

{ Griffith, SirS. W. ..

£ Gurney, #. H.

t Hamlyn-Harris, R., D.Sc.
Hardcastle, Mrs. T., B.Sc.

{ Hawken, R. W. H., B.A.,
M.E. A

{ Henderson, i Be ELC.
t~ Hirschfield, E., M.D.
Hulsen, R. ..
Lllidge, T.
ttJack, R. L., ERGS.

Jackson, A. G.
Johnston, J.

~ Johnston, T. siete M.A.,
IDISCHay.

Kesteven, H. leigtiton: DSe.

M.B., Ch.M.
{ Lambert, C. A :
Lloyd, W., M.L.A...
~ Longman, H. A., F.L.S.
{ Love, W., M.B., Ch.M.

Marks, Hon. Dr., M.L.C. ..
Morris, L. C:, A.M.1.C.H: &.
Morton, C. R.

Parker, W. R., L.D.S.
i*Peberdy, Miss E., M.Sc.

* Associate Members.

t Life Members.

LIST OF

MEMBERS

Magnerton House, Norman Park.

Friendly Societies’ Dispensary, George
Street, Brisbane.

Govt. Analyst’s Department, Brisbane.

Sugar Experiment Station, Gordon Vales
via Cairns.

Geological Survey Office, George Street,
Brisbane.

River Road, Toowong, Brisbane.
Botanic Gardens, Brisbane.

Courier Buildings, Queen Street, Brisbane.
Bingera, Queensland.

The University, Brisbane.

Grammar School, Ipswich.

High School, Wynnum.

George Street, Brisbane.

Merthyr, Brisbane.

Agricultural Chemist’s Lab.,
Brisbane.

William St...

‘“Updown,” Stanthorpe, Queensland.
Jinbiggaree, near Dugandan.

The University, Brisbane.

Goyt. Analyst, Brisbane.

33 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.
238 Edward Street, Brisbane.
Markwell Street, Toowong.

Norwich Chambers, Hunter Street, Sydney.
N.S.W.

Synchronome Co. Ann Sneek Brisbane.

Dept. of Public Instruction, George St..
Brisbane.

The University, Brisbane.

Gladstone.

C/o Bank of N.S.W., Melbourne, Victoria.
Q’land Corr. College, Adelaide St., B’ bane.
Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

1 Wickham Terrace.

101 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Dept. of Public Instruction, George St.,.
Brisbane.

State School, Yeronga.
185 Edward Street, Brisbane.
Emperor St., off Ipswich Rd., 8. Brisbane~

~ Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS Xxil.

{ Pound,C J., F.R.M.S.
Priestley, Prof. H. J., M.A.

t Richards, H. C., D.Sc.
Riddell, R. M.

+ Roe, R. H.,M.A. ..
Saint-Smith, E. C., A.S.T.C.

Sankey, J. R.
Saunders, G. J., B.E.

t Shirley, J., D.Sc.

~ Smith, F., B.Sc., F.I.C.
Soul, A. Valentine

Steele, Prof. B. D., D.Sc.
FE.R.S.

{ Steel, T., F.L.S.

{ Stevens, Hon. E. J., M.L.C.
Sutton, Dr. A., C.B., C.M.G.,
M.R.C.S. (Eng.), L.S.A.
(Lon.), ete.

Bacteriological Institute, Yeerongpilly.

The University, Brisbane.

Department Public Instruction, Brisbane.

Queensland Club, Brisbane.

Geological Survey Office, George Street,
Brisbane.

Flavelle’s, Queen Street, Brisbane.

Central Technical College, Brisbane.

Abbotsford Rd., Bowen Hills, Brisbane.

Hutton’s Factory, Zillmere.

The University, Brisbane.
‘Rock Bank,” Stephen Street, Pennant

Hills, Sydney, N.S.W.
Courier Office, Brisbane.

Paddington.

Swanwick, K.ff., B.A., L.L.B. The University, Brisbane.

Swain, E. H. F.
Sylow, Paul
t Taylor, Miss Buckland
t+ Taylor, Hon. W. F., M.L.C.
Thynne, Hon. A. J., M.L.C.
t Turner, A.J , M.D., F.E.S.
Walker, 2AG8...DeD:ss
L.D.S.
*tWalker, Miss Mavis J.,

M.Se
t Walkom, A. B., D.Sc.
Watkins, S. B., M.Sc.
Wearne, R. A.. B.A.
t Weedon, W. xe a6
+ White, C. T., F.L.S.

Director of Forests, Brisbane.

Sugar Refinery, New Farm.
‘“*Cumbooquepa,” Vulture St., S. Brisbane
Preston House, Queen St., Brisbane.

195 Edward Street, Brisbane.

131 Wickham Terrace, Brisbane.

Edward Street, City.

‘** Bonnie Brae,” Cooroy.

Linnean Society of N.S.W., Sydney.
Central Technical College, Brisbane.
Central Technical College, Brisbane.
Selby House, Wickham Terrace, Brisbane
Colonial Botanist, Botanic Gardens, B’ bane

* Associate Members.

+ Life Members,

{ Members who have contributed papers to the Society.

Xxili.

Index

* Anaptilora basiphaea
a haplospila
Anarsia patulella
* Aproopta melanchlena
* Aprosoesta pancala
Aristotelia erypsixantha
epicharta
eurypsola
ferritincta
sticheris
themerastis
ae turbida
Aulacomima ceramochroa

Berney, F. L: elected member ..

Bosistoa euodiformis
Brachyacma epichorda
Bryan, W. H.
Buckinghamia celissima

Calecycothrix longiflora
Casuarina Luehmanni
*Catameces thiophara
Chaetognatha, Australian
ae key to genera

Columbarium spinicinctum

Conus coccineus
cuviert

5 tenuistriatus

*Corynaea dilechria
Craspedotis diasticha
Crocanthes trizona
Croesopola eudela

Cucullea concamera
Cymatomorpha scotia

2”

Delphinus delphis
Dichomeris acrogypsa
ancylosticha
eirrhostola
dysorata
perlevis
pleuroleuca
= authochyta
Diplodactylus hillii

* Blachypteryx analcis
53 suffusea
Epimimastis catopta

INDEX TO VOL. XXXI.

to Volume XXXII.

Page

.”

Page
149 Epiphthora acropasta 110
149 5 leptoconia + 110
161 a0 poliopasta 34 Sew, lO
ily(74" 36 psolosticta ate 109
151 *Episacta toreuta ac) Me cat Oe
114 Eucalyptus odorata var Woolsiana xv
1S) * BRurysara pleurophea 167
115 * Huryzancla melanophylla 131
115 BA polyommata 131
113
113 Fossil Floras, Qld. . 1-20
115 — Gelechianw, Australian 108-172
150 Gelechia chalcotora 123
xe | puramidophora 123
‘iy ky | Gillies, C. "‘D., and C."E- White:
' | On the Occurrence. of Abortive
163 | : : ;
on || Styles in Buckinghamia |
= celsissima ; we . 41-43
42-45 | Glossopteris flora 10
J Gymnodactylus miliusii xvi
xiv
xv | Hawken, R. W. H: The Strut
122 Problem : “8 94-107
28-41 Helcystogramma euargyra 120
< 39 a zapyrodes 119
x Hemiarcha bleptodes UB PA
x 90 caliginosa 133
Dean | sa polioleuca 133
xem AS tetrasticta A -. 133
130 | * Heterozancla rubida S134
129 Hirschfeld, O. S.: see Johnston
152 and Hirschfeld oF aa
oe *[diobela ischnoptila be 111
1€0 LIulota ischnora 112
As phauloptila 6 ae de
xe Johnston, T. Harvey, and B.
168 Buckland Taylor: Notes on
169 Australian Chaetognatha 28-41
169 —— and 0. 5. Hirschfeld ; The
170 Lingulidae of the Q’ld.
168 Coast . .46-82
——and M. J. Bancroft: Tick
169 Resistance in Cattle 173-180
1
re Juneella gemmacea xvi
128 Krohnitta subtilis 35
128 Lecithocera alampes 156
127 chamela 155

* Signifies new Generic names.

INDEX TO VOL. XXXI.

Page

Lingula bancrofti ie ate 67

A exusta ate oe 56 63

fA hians O10 So ate 54

*y hirundo .. ae ats 53

AS murphiana 60 a 58

A rostrum... ok oC 47

5, tumidula as a 50

Lingulidae of the Qld. Coast 46-82

*Tiozancla holophwea are ac AT,

Loboptila lewrodes Bie Bron ex)

Lomatia silaifolia, var. induta .. ix
Longman,H A.: Ziphius cavirostris

on the Qld. Coast . 90-93

* Macrozancla mendica oe eee ESO

Marine Mollusca Common _ to
Australia and South Africa 83-89

Megacraspedus cenictodes Se 2
Mitra peasei 3e ae sc x
Nardoa boa ae 56 da xi
Natica columnaris « Si Be x
Nothris acromelas a oe LOS

a apentheta iW een iayt
ia centrospila ais Bo dB)
5 cyrtopleura on Sen a6d
AG mesophracta bs a ll66

Ogilby, J. D.,new Generic Name 45
Onchidina australis sc i.) xv!

Onchidium verruculatum .. a XV

Pancoenia pygmcea ore a. 48

Pauroneura brachysticha .. pen en lraal

Phoronis australis ae ome OC

Phthorimea nonyma we ice ai li45)

ae pleesiosema oa Ae
A silignitis a LZ

Plants of National Park.. » 2127

Platyedra gossypiella Ae sa 124

Prodosiarcha glagera ae mae L29
* Prosomura symmetra an oe LAS

Protolechia albifrons ate oe. L482

ne annularia Me yo aS
“9 blacica a aa AT
oe celidophora Ns .. 145
a chalazodes ar a. 140
ss creperrima as een on
» £elassopis A om bts
aA enchotypa te aa, lpi)
a eustephana ox .. 146
i euryarga On op elli83
Of furcifera ae on 39
99 gypsocrana “is ae, - WES
ne hedana a toe AS
* hilara ae a5) HBS
hypocneca ae ao B34

ae involuta Se aioe eit'}
a3 lechriosema ae ce LAL,
a leptosticta are se 18X63
‘ mesopsamma .. s~ L4ae
a megalosticta te eo lol

Xxiv.

Page

Protolechia melicrata ae aor

a mitophora a LSS:

ea phloeopola an Aamaly at

~ pyrrhica Ae se la

ae sporodeta an6 Sieh AO.

a semiographa .. ve, (L46

iy taracta Ba sien LES

Pterosagitta draco os aie 35
Presidential Address, Qld. Fossil

Floras, A. B. Walkom .. 1-20

Pseudobonellia biuterina oc Shi

Queensland Fossil Floras .. 1-20

*Rhadinophylla siderosema se LOG:

* Sagitta australis aie nes 30

a bedoti Be ahs as 32

an bipunctata ate sic 33

ae enflata We ae aes 31

ats minima .. be ae 32

an neglecta .. ae ae 34

ae pulchra ox Sic AS 31

an regularis fe oe 32

yh robusta oi sie ic 33

5 serrato dentata .. ie 29

Be tenuis ae ae ae 34

Sarisophora leucoscia ate hobs

= nyctiphylax .. geo alb4

3 pycnospila te to. Ee

sh tenella 50 a. abs

a2 terrena sie ay alae

* Scindalmota limata < ne ae

Sepia hercules ae ix

Shirley, J.: Preliminary List of
Plants of the National Park.. 21-27

—— Marine Mollusca, Common
to Australia and S. Africa 83-89

Spadella moretonensis Ne are 36
Stegasta tenebricosa ‘Xe fone es
Strut Problem, The 94-107
Strongyloides intestinalis See XV
Styloceros brachymita ae a LO
Ny concinna ore ries aU

“e dispula ot tom LUSIE

% isophanes OC a LDS
noseropa 0 158

Sutton, Dr. A.: re-elected Member ix
Swain, E. H. F.: elected Member ix
* Syndesmica homogenes .. ae EY

Taylor, B. Buckland : see Johnston

and Taylor ee Ae 28-41
Thiotricha acrocelea aie Se) eal
ay acronipha We re ES
Na argyrea aie oo LS
* hemiphea oe pe lalis}
ar panglycera ore See llaliy
FiO prosoestea 26 ee liG
Tick Resistance in Cattle . 1738-180
Tituacia deviella .. oe jee GS

pgbeuieeee Avett’ RRA sy ara So Oh Re ee
* Signifies new Generic names.

Me ; 7 . a

Exec INDEX TO VOL. XXXI.
Page Ba
Trigonophylla tarachodes Aes iy Wearne, R. A. ot

*Tropidocaulus, Ogilby .. en Ao

*Turner, A Jefferis: Australian _
Gelechiane .. ee LOS=1T72

Walker, Dr. A. R.: elected Member xiv

Walkom, A. B., Qld. Fossil Floras,
Pres. Address oe .. 1-20

—— congratulated es ev

* Signifies new Generic names.

Weston, P. L. : Ob
Westringia sp. ww
White, C. T. see Gillies
—— see Exhibits
White, Capt. S. A.: Lect

Pre

Ziphius cavirostris

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

JU HHNSDLAWN D

FOR 1919.

ISSUED JANUARY 207#, 1920.

PRINTED FOR THE SOOIBTY
BY
H. POLE & CO., PRINTERS, ELIZABETH STREET, BRISBANE.

| VOL. XXXI.

1920.

Price: Ten Shillings.

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